2. Irony • When the actual meaning of something is different from the intended meaning. • The contrast between the intended and actual meaning usually results in a new, surprising, more interesting meaning.

3. Verbal Irony • When someone says one thing, but means something else • Example: A man looking out at a thunderstorm says “what a lovely day for a stroll” • Sarcasm (verbal irony with intent to cause pain) - Your friend has just stepped into a puddle and you say “Nice Job!”

4. Situational Irony • When the expected result is different from what actually happens (usually in a surprising, opposite, clever, or interesting manner) • Ex.- Bill Gates is a college dropout, yet he became a billionaire

5. Dramatic Irony • When the audience knows something that the character in the movie, story, or play doesn’t know. • Ex.- horror movies

6. Key Terms for Rebellion • Underlying vs Proximate Causes • Underlying causes are deep-seated conditions or problems a group of people experience • Often systemic • Often simmering • Often numerous, small individually but can layer one upon another • Proximate causes are immediate triggers or sparks that ignite the general unrest in a group of people and cause them to rebel or revolt against authority