A Course on English Literature

1. A Course on English Literature Prepared for: *Stars* New Horizons Certified Professional Course

2. Parts of Speech

3. The Noun • The Pronoun • The Adjective • The Verb • The Adverb • The Preposition • The Conjunction • The Interjection

4. The Noun(Naming Word) A Noun is a word which is used as the name of a person, a place, a thing, an action, quality or state. Exmp: Nupur is beautiful.

5. The Pronoun(Substituting Word) The Pronoun is a word which is used in place of a noun. Exmp: Mukul did not come as he was not well.

6. Types of Pronoun There are eight types of pronoun but the main three are here: • Personal Pronouns I, we, you, they, she or any thing. • Interrogative Pronoun Who, whose, whom, which, what • Relative Pronoun That pronoun which joints the two sentences. Ex: I met Meenakshii, who returned my book. He broke my pencil, which I bought yesterday.

7. The Adjective(Qualifying Word) An adjective is a word which adds something to the meaning of a Noun or Pronoun. It tells what kind of person, place, or thing. A noun or a pronoun is. • It may also point out which one or how many.

8. Types of Adjective There are eight types of adjectives but the main four are here: 1) Adjective of quality This shows noun’s quality, inferiority, fault, colour, structure etc.. A blue lily, a fast friend, a cleaver girl 2) Proper Adjective Those adjective which make by proper noun called proper adjectives. The Mauryan Empire; A Chinese pilgrim; The Indian soldiers; the Buddhist religion.

9. EXAMPLES: • That bear is black. • The ship was an English vessel. (what kind) • This factory is mine. (which one) • Many people enjoy the annual dinner. (how many, which one)

10. Types of Adjective 3) Adjective of Quantity The adjective which shows quantity of good Some sugar; much weight; more food; enough water; sufficient labour; no sense. 4) Adjective of number The word which shows goods number Ten temples; for cow; fourth row; single desk etc..

11. The Adverb(Modifying Word) An Adverb is a word that modifies every part of speech except a Noun, pronoun and interjection. Example: Maansii is very sincere.

12. Types of Adverb There are three type of adverbs: • Simple Adverb • Relative Adverb • Interrogative Adverb

13. Simple Adverb • Simple adverb shows: Time, place, number or frequency, manner, reason, degree and affirmation or negation. It own has 7 types. 5 important adverbs are here: • Adverbs of manner which show how. (Example 1) Remember: all the adverbs which makes by adjectives and have –ly in the end are ADVERBS OF MANNER. 2)Adverbs of time, which show when. (Example 2) After, agr, early, late, now, then, soon, today, recently, shortly, immediately, afterwards etc.

14. Simple AdverbCont. 3)Adverbs of place which show where. (Example 3) Here, there, in, out, up, down, which, without, above, below, inside, near, away anywhere, backward etc. 4) Adverbs of Frequency or number which show how often. (Example 4) Once, twice, thrice, always, never, seldom, often, frequently, secondly, thirdly, again. 5) Adverbs of Degree which show how much. (Example 5) Very, much, more, too, quite, little, rather, partly, fully, wholly, so, any, enough, pretty, as, almost.

15. AdverbCont. • Relative Adverb Relative adverbs joints two sentences. • This is the place where Gandhiji was shot dead. • He knows the way how a car is driven. • This is the reason why she was late.

16. AdverbCont. • Interrogative Adverbs • Why are you so sad? • How are you feeling these days? They are usually placed at thebeginning of a question.

17. The Verb(Saying Word) A Verb is a word used to say something about some person, place or thing. Example: Sugar tastes sweet.

18. The Preposition(Governing Word) A Preposition is a word which is used before a Noun or Pronoun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence. Example : I hit the dog with the stick.

19. Types of Preposition There are three types of Prepositions 1) Simple Prepositions In, on, at, to, from, with, by etc... 2) Compound prepositions About, across, among, between, beside, before etc.. 3) Phrase prepositions According to, in spite of, on account of, in front of, in order to, for the sake of, by means of, with reference to, in addition to, due to etc..

20. The Conjunction(Connecting Word) A Conjunction is a word which is used to join two words, clauses or sentences. Example: Raman is tall and handsome.

21. Type Of Conjunctions There are Two types of conjuction • Co-ordinating conjunction • Subordinating conjunction

22. Co-ordinating conjunction (i) Cumulative conjunctions and, also, both…and, as well as, now, too, no less than. (ii) Alternative Conjunctions either………or, neither………nor, else, or, otherwise (iii) Adversative conjunctions but, yet, still, only, however, nevertheless, while, whereas (iv) Illative conjunctions (in this one sentence is the result of the second sentence) for, therefore, so, then, so then

23. Subordinating conjunction This conjunction is subordinates the principle clause. (besides this whole sentence doesn’t have any meaning) This shows: • Time • Place • Cause • Purpose • Result • Condition • Manner • Comparison • Contrast

24. Using a Comma • Before every joining word, a comma (,) must be used Example: “I like soup, and I like sandwiches.” • You also must check that a and/or can be used by taking out the , and/, or and replacing it with a period.

25. The Interjection(Exclamatory Word) An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feelings or emotions. Example: Hurrah! I have stood first.

26. MODALS

27. Modal Verbs All the auxiliary verbs that express the mode of action denoted by the main verbs are called modals.

28. Characteristics of Modals • This shows action, ability, power, permission, request, possibility, willingness. • This always use with the main verb. It can not use alone. • It doesn't effected by number of subject, gender and person. • It doest have any forms • It is not used in tenses

29. Can Could May Might Must Ought to Shall Should Will Would Main Modals

30. Present & past combinations

31. They can control their own budgets. We can’t fix it. Can I smoke here? Can you help me? Ability / Possibility Inability / Impossibility Asking for permission Request Can CAN is used to indicate the possession of an ABILITY.

32. Different ways to express ability • Can • Be able to • Be capable of (ING) • Have the ability to • Know how to

33. May I have another cup of coffee? Asking for permission May CAN / MAY are also used to give PERMISSION.

34. China may become a major economic power. Future possibility May CAN / MAY are used to indicate a present or future POSSIBILITY

35. Could I borrow your dictionary? Could you say it again more slowly? We could try to fix it ourselves. I think we could have another Gulf War. He gave up his old job so he could work for us. Asking for permission. Request Suggestion Future possibility Ability in the past Could

36. We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now. They might give us a 10% discount. Present possibility Future possibility MightPossible Action In The Future

37. We must say good-bye now. They mustn’t disrupt the work more than necessary. Necessity / Obligation Prohibition Must MUST is often used to indicate OBLIGATION.

38. We ought to employ a professional writer. Saying what’s right or correct Ought to To give someone advice

39. Shall I help you with your luggage? Shall we say 2.30 then? Shall I do that or will you? Offer Suggestion Asking what to do Shall

40. We should sort out this problem at once. Saying what’s right or correct Should SHOULD is often used to indicate what is regarded as PROBABLE or reasonably EXPECTED

41. I think we should check everything again. Profits should increase next year. Recommending action Uncertain prediction Should

42. I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk. I'll do that for you if you like. I’ll get back to you first thing on Monday. Profits will increase next year. Instant decisions Offer Promise Certain prediction Will

43. Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me? Would you pass the salt please? "Would three o'clock suit you?" - "That’d be fine." Would you like to play golf this Friday? "Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "I’d like tea please." Asking for permission Request Making arrangements Invitation Preferences Would

44. Other use of “Would” If ‘HAVE’ is added to ‘would’ it becomes ‘would have’ The meaning of ‘would have’ is past imaginary action. ‘WOULD BE’ is used in FUTURE for WORK TO BE DONE. If ‘be’ is added to ‘would’, It becomes ‘would be’i.e. action to be done in future.

45. Used to it is use to express an action that repeated regularly in the past. When I was a child, my father used to read me a story at night before bedtime. I used to live in California. He used to be married.

46. Be supposed to • The game is supposed to begin at 10:00. • I am supposed to go to the meeting. • The children are supposed to behave. *These sentences express expectations. • Jack was supposed to call me last night. I wonder why he didn’t. *In the past it expresses unfulfilled expectations.

47. ASSIGNMENTS • These sentences are wrong. Correct the mistakes. • He can playing tennis very well. • We must to hurry or we’ll be late. • At the meeting tomorrow he may mentioned the problem. • He’s been here for hours. He must been tired. • She should knows the answer.

48. PREPOSITION OUT UNTIL THROUGH ACROSS AMONG DURING BETWEEN OVER INTO FROM

49. Prepositions • A preposition is a connecting word that shows the relation of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in a sentence. Avoid ending a sentence with a preposition unless necessary to prevent an awkward sentence construction. However, avoid stacking prepositional phrases on top of one another. • Location (on, under, in) • Timing (before, after, during) • Direction (from, toward, to)

50. Here is a list of the most common prepositions: