1. Lecture Fifteen Foreignizing translation and Domesticating Translation 异化翻译与归化翻译

2. History of FT & DT • German scholar Friedrick Schleiermacher The translator can either leave the writer in peace as much as possible and bring the reader to him ,or he can leave the reader in peace as much as possible and bring the writer to hime. (1813)

3. Schleiermacher claimed : Translations from different languages into German should read and sound different :the reader should be able to ,guess the Spanish behind a translation from Spanish ,and the Greek behind a translation from Greek

4. Definition • DT is a translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign texts for target language readers. • FT is a type of translation in which a target text “deliberately ” breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original.

5. Italian-origined American scholar Lawrence Venuti “The Translator’s Invisibility ”

6. FT and literal translation • Literal translation refers to either a strategy or a product. It focuses on the reproduction of both the form and meaning of the ST although the form sometimes does not conform to the target language usage. Word-for-word, or verbatim translation, is a special case of literal translation. The corresponding act is labeled “translate literally or directly or verbatim”.

7. The result of the act is a literal translation. The translator who advocates it is a literalist. Their thought or perception of translation is literalism. Its opposite is free translation. A literal translation is a foreignizing translation in cases where source and target language and culture systems conflict with each other.

8. DT and free translation • Free translation, also called liberal translation, refers to either a strategy or a product. It focuses on the reproduction of the ST meaning rather than its form. The corresponding act is labeled “free-translate” or “free-hand”. The result of the act is a free translation. The translator who advocates it is a liberalist or a free-hander. Their thought or perception of translation is liberalism.

9. Its opposite is literal translation. A free translation can be either a domesticating translation, or a foreignizing translation or neither of them. If it retains the foreign flavor, it is a foreignizing translation. If it loses the exotic flavor and is biased toward the target language-culture, it is a domesticating translation. If it loses the original flavor and is not biased toward the target side, it is neither of them.

10. FT ① FT & literal translation FT mainly deals with cultural translation. LT is a strategy of translation ② DT / free translation ③ Omission ,amplification & inversion sometimes are considered as strategies of DT or FT

11. ①语言层次上的归化 assimilation /adaptation ②语言层次上的异化 alienation e.g.: lie on one’s back close the door behind you ① 调整语序, 以TL来调整行文 ② 保留本来面目 ③ 文化层面上的归化/异化 British scholar Mona Backer: 原文的文化价值观念是否发生变化, 变化了的是DT , 没变的FT.

12. DT e.g. individualism 个人主义 (DT) 东风压倒西风. The revolutionary force prevails over the reactionary force. ④文化翻译策略上的归化/异化 e.g. the Sign of Four 《四签名》(译者为福尔摩斯注射吗啡杜撰有病的借口) 文化词语的直译-FT 文化词语的意译-DT e.g.: DT E to C 以汉语为准 lead a dog’s life 过着牛马不如的生活 Jack of all trades 三脚猫 ，万金油 Every dog has his day. 风水轮流转。

13. C to E 以英语为准 the four tigers of Asia 亚洲四小龙 like a donkey in a lion’s hide 狐假虎威 like a hot knife cutting through the butter 势如破竹 FT E to C e.g. black horse 黑马 ivory tower 象牙塔 • C to E 馄饨 wonton; be like splitting bamboo 势如破竹 Henry Fok 霍英东

14. Assignment • Do some translation exercises inside and outside the textbook (p. 143).