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Chapter 6 The Progressives. 1. Starter #2: Monday 10/1. Read “How the Other Half Lives” on page 170 Why do you think immigrants would have had to live in such awful conditions?
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Starter #2: Monday 10/1 • Read “How the Other Half Lives” on page 170 • Why do you think immigrants would have had to live in such awful conditions? • What was the title of the book that both described the conditions that Riis and helped him in his fight to improve them? 2
Starter #2: Monday 10/3 • Read the American Literature on page 176 • What dangers to workers and to food does Sinclair describe? • What does The Jungle suggest about reasons workers formed unions? 3
What was Progressivism? • Progressivism: Arose to address many of the social problems that industrialization created (progressives) • 1. Improve living conditions for the poor • 2. Questioned power and practices of big business • 3. Government to be more honest and responsive to people’s needs • REFORM SOCIETY, WORKPLACE, GOVERNMENT 4
Muckrakers • Reformed-minded writers • First to expose many of the social ills • “raked up” exposed filth of society • Ida Tarbell – Standard Oil • Wrote about: business & political corruption, child labor, slum conditions, racial discrimination 5
Reforming Society • Cities failed to provide: garbage collection, safe housing, police/fire protection • HOUSING • Tenement Act 1901 • Forced landlords to install lighting in public hallways, provide at least one toilet per 2 families, outhouses were banned • Improved health – 15 years, death rate dropped in NYC 6
Society • 1909 – Ida Wells-Barnett, WEB Du Bois, Jane Addams, and many others founded • NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • Fight for the rights of African Americans • Fought segregation & stereo types • ADL – Anti-Defamation League • Fight anti-Semitism toward Jews 7
Starter #3: Tuesday 10/2 • Read page 173. • Answer the question under Drawing Conclusions. 8
Reforming the Workplace • Labor unions fight for men – Progressives started the fight for women & children • Wanted to prohibit child labor and limit the number of hours women were forced to work • Paid very low wages – 40% working class in poverty • Fought for minimum wage – National government did not pass until 1938 11
Workplace • Lochner v. New York (1905) – limit work day • Court refused to uphold a law limiting bakers to a 10 hour workday saying it denied workers their right to contract with their employees • Muller v. Oregon (1908) • Limited women to 10 hour workday, hurt their health 12
The Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire • Turning point for reform • Read and look at the picture on pages 172-174 13
Unions • Fought for better working conditions • AFL (American Federation of Labor) • Skilled Workers • ILGWU (International Ladies Garment Workers Union) • Unskilled Workers • Success brief, strikes failures, government cracked down on activities 14
Reforming the Government • GOAL: Eliminate government corruption & make government more efficient • City Reforms • Ohio, Texas, Council-Manager Model (pg. 174) • State Reforms • Campaign spending, Regulate railroads & utilities 15
Election Reforms • Make more fair & politicians more accountable to voters • 17th Amendment: voters directly elect US Senators • Secret Ballot • Initiative • Voters put a proposed law on ballot for approval • Referendum • Voters put a recently passed law on ballot to reject or reapprove • Recall • Voters can remove elected official by calling a special election (end of section 1) 16
Starter #3: Tues 10/2 • Read The Inside Story on page 177 • What barriers did Alberta Virginia Scott and Otelia Cromwell break in the late 1800s? • What profession did both women go into after graduating from college? 17
Opportunities for WomenSKIP • Education, employment, community • 1833 Oberline College in Ohio became the first to admit women • 1870 20% college students were women • 1900 33% college students were women • Upper/Middle Class • Still denied many opportunities • Training grounds for political activism 18
EmploymentSKIP • Teachers, nurses, bookkeepers, typists, secretaries, shop clerks • Journalists & artists – to appeal to the American public • Working class women • Garment Industry • Employers assumed women were single and supported by their fathers • Justified why they paid them lower 19
Starter #4: Wed 10/3 • Look at the Political Cartoon on page 181 • How do the words change as the stairs lead up to the top? • What point is the cartoonist trying to make with this cartoon? 20
Gaining Political Experience • Women backbone to Progressive Era • Children’s Heath & Welfare • End child labor, improve health, promote education 21
Prohibition • Ban on making, selling, and distributing alcoholic beverages • Claimed alcohol was responsible for crime, poverty, and violence against women and children • Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) • Carry Nation • Hatchet & Bible smashed up saloons • 18th Amendment – Confirmed Prohibition 1919 • So unpopular repealed in 1933 22
Civil RightsSKIP • African American women fought all same things + discrimination • National Association of Colored Women • Campaigned against poverty, segregation, & lynchings 23
What does Suffrage mean??? • It does not mean “suffering!!” • It’s actually a “good” word • It means… the right to vote! 24
Rise of Women’s Suffrage Movement • 1848 meeting Senecca Falls – would take 72 years…. • 15th Amendment • Gave African American men the right to vote after the Civil War • Cannot deny the right to vote based on “account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” 25
Video Clip • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kvk1NZDFvZU • Mary Poppins Sister Suffragette • http://www.hulu.com/watch/60255/a-celebration-of-womens-history-the-womens-rights-movement-then-and-now • News program 1998 – 150 Anniversary of Senecca Falls 26
Women Organize • National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA) • Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B Anthony • Campaigned right to vote & other women issues • American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) • Focused only on voting rights by going state to state 27
Susan B. Anthony • Wrote pamphlets, gave speeches • 1872 registered to vote & voted • Arrested for “knowingly, wrongfully and unlawfully” voting • Read excerpt page 181 • Fined $100, she refused to pay • Court claimed citizenship does not = the right to vote 28
Anti-Suffrage Arguments • Voting inferred with women’s duties at home • Destroy families • Did not have the education or experience • Women didn’t want to vote – don’t force them to • Liquor industries feared women would support Prohibition • Food & Drug safety • Worker & child safety • Church claimed marriage sacred bond where it should be led by man 29
Merge! • National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) • Susan B Anthony president 1892-1900 • Anthony died in 1906 • “Failure is impossible” • Only one signer from Seneca Falls was alive in 1920 when the 19th Amendment was passed • She was 92 (end of section 2) 30
Starter #5: Thurs 10/4 • Read the Inside Story: “Cowboy or Politician” on page 183 • What are two accomplishments that no one could have predicted of Roosevelt when he was a shy, sickly 9 year old? • What tragedies did Roosevelt have to deal with when he was 26? 31
Starter #4: Thursday 9/30 • Look at the Bully Pulpit on page 185 • What does the reference to big business mean? • What does the cartoon say about Roosevelt’s efforts? Explain. 32
Teddy Roosevelt • Huge energetic reformer, Progressive • Republicans tried to get him out of power • Nominated him for vice president • McKinley shot 1901 - Became president! • 42 years old, youngest President • Most Presidents took hands off approach • Bully Pulpit: powerful platform to publicize important issues and seek support for his policies 33
The Coal Strike of 1902 • Read page 184 • First time federal government intervened in a strike to PROTECT the interests of the WORKERS & public 34
Square Deal • 1904 Campaign slogan • “see that each person is given a square deal, because he is entitled to no more and should receive no less.” • Limit power of trusts, promote public health, safety, & working conditions 35
Regulating BIG Business • Quote – page 184 • Companies should behave responsible! 36
Trust-Busting • 3 railroad tycoons combined to form Northern Securities Company • Total monopoly over railroads • Roosevelt claimed it violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act • Court upheld • Led to a WATERSHED • Size of trust didn’t matter: was it good or bad for the American public?? • Sold inferior products, competed unfairly, corrupted public officials 37
Regulating Railroads • RR gave rebates to large customers • Hurt small businesses & farmers • Elkins Act • Prohibited rebates, all customers paid same rates for shipping their products • Hepburn Act • Set maximum railroad rates 38
Protecting Consumers • Food & Drug companies • Selling dangerous products to an unknowing public • Read excerpt on page 186 • Wilson Report • Meat Inspection Act • Federal inspection of meat shipped across state lines • Pure Food & Drug Act • Forbade the sale of products with harmful ingredients 39
Environmental Conservation • Late 1800s people acted as if US had unlimited supply of natural resources • Roosevelt claimed each generation has a duty to protect & conserve (187) • John Muir – naturalist who worked with Roosevelt • Newlands Reclamation Act • Create irrigation projects to make dry lands productive 40
Conservation • Gifford Pinchot • Scientific management of natural resources was crucial • Forest Service • Added 150 million acres to national forests • Antiquities Act • Created 18 national monuments • **Environmental conservation is one of Roosevelt’s greatest legacies… 41
Video Clip • http://www.history.com/videos/america-goes-dry-with-prohibition#theodore-roosevelts-acts-and-legacy • Meat packing & conservation • Progressives (end of section 3) 42
Starter #5: Monday 10/4 • 2nd Page – Label it Quarter 1 Week 7 • Read The Inside Story, Can Politics and Friendship Mix? on page 189 • How were Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft different? • Why did Roosevelt soon regret the support that he had given Taft during the election? 43
Chapter 6 Section 4Taft and Wilson • BACKGROUND • Election of 1908 won by huge margin • Supported Roosevelt’s reform movement • Created Department of Labor • 16th Amendment: Power to levy taxes based on individual's income • Lost support of Progressive Republicans because of bill on tariffs • Alienated Conservation supporters as well 44
Split in the Republican Party • Roosevelt campaigned in 1910 congressional election for New Nationalism • Set of laws to protect workers, ensure public health, and regulate business • Did not win, which caused more splits in the party • Election 1912, Republicans supported Taft, Progressive split into own party • “Bull Moose” nominated Roosevelt • Due to split Democrat Woodrow Wilson won 45
Wilson’s New Freedom • BACKGROUND • Zealous Reformer • New Freedom: Platform that called for tariff reductions, banking reform, and stronger antitrust legislation 46
Tariff Reduction • Underwood Tariff Act: Lower tariffs at lowest level in 50 years • Income tax to make up for lost money 47
Banking Reform • Federal Reserve Act: Created a central fund from which banks could borrow to prevent collapse during a financial panic • 3 Tier Banking System 48
Stronger Anti-Trust • Sherman Act not strong enough • Clayton Antitrust Act: clarified and extended Sherman • Companies could not buy stock of competing companies in order to form a monopoly • Federal Trade Commission 1915: Enforced antitrust laws and got tough on companies that used deceptive advertising 49
Women Gain the Vote • BACKGROUND • NAWSA favored state by state approach, yet took too long • Alice Paul, formed Nat’l Women’s Party • Focused on passage of the Amendment, used tactics from Britain • 19th Amendment passed in 1920, gave women full voting rights 50