Native American Literature

1. Native AmericanLiterature

2. Whenever the white man treats the Indian as they treat each other, then we will have no more wars. We shall all be alike – brothers of one father and one mother, with one sky above us and one country around us, and one government for all. • Chief Joseph (HinmatonYalatkit), 1830-1904

3. NATIVE AMERICAN INDIAN Time for a BLACKBOARD LINE DANCE!!

4. The New World • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFkyAD9gS6g • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-zMIgxbmnA • 2nd

5. Who discovered America?

7. Christopher Columbus • 1451-1506 • 1st Journey, 10/12/1492 • Discovered San Salvador, Bahamas, Cuba and Haiti. • Was convinced he had reached the Indies. • Kept a daily journal on four voyages to the New World.

8. Native American Literature • What influence could Columbus’ words have had on future generations of Americans?

9. Captain Smith and Chief Powhatan…100 years after Columbus

10. What is CULTURE?

11. What is CULTURE? • “A set of beliefs, attitudes, behaviors, notions of history, and meaningful symbols that are generally, but not absolutely, shared by the members of a group.”

12. What is CULTURE? • “The ideas, customs, skills, arts, etc. of a people or group, that are transferred, communicated, or passed along, as in or to succeeding generations.” • Webster’s Dictionary

13. What is MYTHOLOGY?

14. Mythology Defined • A traditional story of unknown authorship, with a historical basis, serving to explain some phenomenon of nature, the origin of man, or the customs of a people.

15. Mythology Defined • Any fictitious story or unscientific account, theory, or belief.

16. What is GENRE?

17. What is Genre? • A kind, category, or type, especially of literary or artistic work. • http://www.thefreedictionary.com/genre

18. What do you think an ORIGIN MYTH is?

19. Origin Myth • All myths are of distant past but origin myths are a sub-genre of myth about the creation of the world or humans in the world. • http://www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu/~mmagouli/origin_myths.htm

20. What is the definition of FICTION?

21. FICTION • Anything made up or imagined. • Literary narratives which portray imaginary characters or events, specifically novels and short stories. • Webster’s New World College Dictionary

22. What is the definition of ORATORY

23. ORATORY • The art of public speaking; skill or eloquence in public speaking. Webster’s New World College Dictionary

24. Exploration Narrative • YOU TELL ME!!!

25. Native American Literature • Myths, narratives, and all literature are important as keys to understanding the culture. •  http://www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu/~mmagouli/origin_myths.htm

26. ONONDAGA • The Onondaga Nation is a member of theHaudenosaunee (“People of the Long House”), analliance of native nations united for hundredsof years by traditions, beliefs and cultural values.Also referred to as the Iroquois Confederacy or Six Nations, the Haudenosaunee consist of the Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca,Onondaga Nation's and Tuscarora nations.

27. Like other member-nations of the Haudenosaunee, the Onondaga Nation survives today as a sovereign, independent nation, living on a portion of its ancestral territory and maintaining its own distinct laws, language, customs, and culture.

28. Today, the Onondaga Nation consists of a 7,300-acre territory just south of Syracuse, on which it maintains its sovereignty and operates outside the general jurisdiction of New York State. The Nation is still governed by a Council of Chiefs, selected in accordance with its time-honored democratic system.

29. Many Onondagas practice traditional ceremonies and adhere to religious philosophies and social customs that long predate contact with Western civilizations

30. ONONDAGA FACTS • Between 1788 and 1822, the Onondaga Nation lost possession of approximately 95% of its land through a series of illegal “takings” by the State of New York. • The nations of the Haudenosaunee came together after agreeing to work together peacefully rather than continuing to battle each other. They established a democratic system of government led by a Grand Council consisting of chiefs from each nation.

31. ONONDAGA FACTS • The Haudenosaunee is considered to be one of the oldest participatory democracies on earth, and provided an important structural model for the Founding Fathers developing the United States Constitution. • The Haudenosaunee are known internationally as a peaceful people, with a heritage of statesmanship, government/law and an oral tradition passed from generation to generation.

32. "The immediate objects are the total destruction and devastation of their settlements and the capture of as many prisoners of every sex and age possible. It is essential to ruin their crops in the ground and prevent their planting." Gen. George Washington's orders to attack the Haudenosaunee, 1778

33. Today we have gathered and we see that the cycles of life continue. We have been given the duty to live in balance and harmony with each other and all living things. So now, we bring our minds together as one as we give greetings and thanks to each other as People. Now our minds are one." Excerpt from Thanksgiving Address that the Haudenosaunee recite whenever they gather.

34. MODOC • The ancestral home of the Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma consisted of some 5,000 square miles along what is now the California-Oregon border.

35. MODOC • From prehistoric times dating back some 10,000 years, the Modoc were a culturally detached and unique band. Occasionally they formed war parties to drive out unwelcome visitors or raid neighboring tribes. The Modoc were hunters, fishermen, and gatherers who followed the seasons for food. They lived their lives in relative obscurity.

36. But the arrival of the white European Americans in the early 19th century changed their lives forever.

37. The Modoc bartered with fur traders for guns and horses, which became necessary to remain competitive with neighboring tribes. But eventually the traders and the prospectors gave way to farmers and ranchers who had little regard for the Native inhabitants. These new American invaders traveled west by way of the Oregon Trail, which passed directly through traditional Modoc lands.

38. The Modoc learned to live peacefully with the farming and ranching newcomers, often working for them and trading for livestock and other necessities. The flow of non-Indians into their ancestral homelands had an enormous effect on the culture of the Modoc people.

39. They embraced many of the settler's ways, and eventually began to wear clothing patterned after non-Indians with whom they socialized in the nearby town of Yreka, California. Even the names of the Modoc changed and they became known to their own people by the names given to them by the white man.

40. Keintpoos became Captain Jack, while others became known to history as Scarfaced Charley, Bogus Charley, Shack Nasty Jim, Hooker Jim, Curly-headed Doctor, and Steamboat Frank.

41. As more and more settlers arrived each year, more and more land was needed to farm and to graze. As a result of the enormous pressure of white infiltration into Indian lands in California and Oregon, the Modoc, Klamath and Yahooskin Band of Snake tribes ceded their lands in the United States government and signed a joint reservation treaty in 1864. The Modoc agreed to live alongside the Klamath Indians, their traditional enemy.

42. These conditions eventually resulted in thee Modoc War. The war was fought 130 years ago yet it stands out in American military history as one of the most incredible of Indian wars. Captain Jack and 57 braves withstood an army of over 1000 men for almost six months.

44. The Modoc War cost the United States government, at its lowest estimate, half a million dollars. • In comparison, the reservation requested by the Modoc on Lost River would have cost, at most, $10,000.

45. Captain Jack and five of his warriors were executed for war crimes on October 3, 1873. On October 12, 1873, 155 Modoc, 42 men, 59 women, and 54 children were loaded on 27 wagons and were eventually resettled in Oklahoma. By 1879, 56 deaths had reduced the Modoc population to 99.

46. Tribal rolls no longer carry the name of a full blood Modoc, yet they have survived. • Chief Follis, an avid horseman and rancher, continues to lead the Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma.

47. NAVAJO • Today, the Navajo nation is the largest Native American nation in the United States and has more than 250,000 members. • Many of these members live on the Navajo reservation, which covers 27,000 square miles of Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico.

48. nevris.seesaa.net

49. Fierce warriors and hunters, the ancient Navajo settled in the Southwest 1,000 years ago and eventually intermarried with the peaceful Pueblo people, who taught them to weave and raise crops.

50. In 1864, after decades of fighting off encroaching American settlers, the Navajo were driven from their territory by the United States Army. • They were eventually allowed to return to a reservation on Navajo land. Many Navajo still carry on native customs, living in earth-and-log structures and practicing tribal religion. • Prentice Hall Literature, The American Experience, Volume1, pg.14.