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THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1863-1965

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1863-1965. Chapter 21 p. 700-723. Segregation and Separation. 1863--14 th Amendment granted full citizenship to the former slaves called for “due process” and “equal protection under the law” 1875 Civil Rights Act

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THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1863-1965

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  1. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT1863-1965 Chapter 21 p. 700-723

  2. Segregation and Separation • 1863--14th Amendment • granted full citizenship to the former slaves • called for “due process” and “equal protection under the law” • 1875 Civil Rights Act • “all persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations…” • Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional

  3. Segregation and Separation • 1890--Louisiana law and trains • “equal but separate accommodations…” • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) • ruled that “separate but equal” did not violate the 14th Amendment. • “Jim Crow” laws • racial prejudice and segregation in the North as well.

  4. Challenging segregation • World War II labor • Minorities in the military • Truman integrated the military in 1948 • formation of organizations to campaign for voting and challenge Jim Crow • NAACP • Charles Hamilton Houston • Thurgood Marshall

  5. Challenging segregation • Morgan v. Virginia (1946) • Sweatt v. Painter (1950) • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

  6. Reaction to Brown • initial reaction was mixed • Kansas and Oklahoma • Mississippi and Georgia • Baltimore and Washington, D.C. • the KKK and White Citizen’s Councils • Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957 • Central High School

  7. Little Rock • “The Little Rock Nine” • Governor Orville Faubus • hand chosen by NAACP • 1st day of school • Elizabeth Eckford, Ernest Green, Melba Patillo • plan fails • 2nd attempt nine days later • Eisenhower and Arkansas National Guard • 1957 Civil Rights Act • Warriors Don’t Cry

  8. Arkansas Governor Orville Faubus

  9. Central High SchoolLittle Rock, Arkansas

  10. The “Little Rock Nine” • front: Gloria Ray, Elizabeth Eckford, Carlotta Watts, Minnijean Brown. • back: Jefferson Thomas, Daisy Bates, Thelma Mothershed, Terrance Roberts, Melba Patillo, Ernest Green

  11. Elizabeth Eckford

  12. Montgomery, Alabama, 1955 • May, 1954 • Jo Ann Robinson • December 1, 1955 • Rosa Parks • E.D. Nixon • bus boycott • Montgomery Improvement Association • Martin Luther King, Jr.

  13. Rosa Parks prior to arrest

  14. A young Martin Luther King, Jr.

  15. The Bus Boycott • organized quickly • filed a lawsuit • carpools or walked • support • MLK’s home bombed • lasted 381 days • 1956--Supreme Court ruling

  16. King in front of fire-bombed home

  17. The Movement Begins • Boycott and King showed: • power of organization and unity • “nonviolent resistance” • “civil disobedience” • quote, p. 705

  18. The Movement Begins • Emmett Till murder • SCLC • SNCC • used students as protesters • sit-ins • February, 1960 • Woolworth’s in Greensboro, North Carolina • tv

  19. Emmett Till

  20. Sit-in at Woolworth’sJackson, Mississippi

  21. The Movement continues • 1961--The Freedom Riders • organization • Bus One and Bus Two • Alabama state line attack • Birmingham, Alabama • Bus Two and Anniston, Alabama • violence in Birmingham and Montgomery

  22. Freedom Riders map, 1961

  23. Bus Two outside Anniston, Alabama

  24. The Movement continues • Integration of public schools • K-12 schools • closed • remained segregated • private and parochial schools • colleges and universities • Auburn • Harold Franklin • Ole Miss • James Meredith • Alabama • Autherine Lucy

  25. Harold Franklin, James Meredith, Autherine Lucy

  26. The Movement comes to Alabama and Mississippi • April, 1963 • April 3--MLK is arrested • “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” • May 3--protesters are hosed by sheriff Eugene “Bull” Connor • June 11, 1963--murder of Medgar Evers in Mississippi • September, 1963--16th Street Baptist Church bombed

  27. The Movement draws worldwide attention • August, 1963 • March on Washington, D.C. • MKL’s “I Have a Dream Speech” • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • prohibited discrimination based on race, gender, religion, national origin. • ended segregation in all public facilities

  28. The fight to vote • Freedom Summer • college students • Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, James Chaney • Neshoba County, Mississippi, June 21, 1964 • New political parties • Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party • Fannie Lou Hammer

  29. Neshoba County

  30. The fight to vote • Selma, Alabama • March 7, 1965 • “Bloody Sunday” • March 21, 1965 • Voting Rights Act of 1965

  31. The Movement expands • Voting and an end to segregation got people thinking—what else can be changed????? • end to poverty • change social structure • new focus on the North/urban violence • new leadership

  32. The Movement expands • Northern segregation • de facto segregation • de jure segregation • Chicago riots and protests • Urban violence • New York • Watts in Los Angeles, California

  33. New Leadership, New Ideas • Malcolm X (1964) • Stokely Carmichael (1966) • “Black Power” • Black Panthers (1966)

  34. 1968--a violent year • April 4, 1968 • Memphis, Tennessee • The Lorraine Motel • James Earl Ray • June, 1968 • Robert Kennedy • Sirhan Sirhan • Civil Rights Act of 1968

  35. Civil Rights since 1968 • Fight for equality has continued: • Women’s rights • Hispanics and bi-lingual ballots • Equal pay for equal work • “Victim’s Rights” laws • “Are we changing attitudes or just changing platitudes?”

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