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Black Death, 1348–1350

Black Death, 1348–1350. precursor: overpopulation & malnutrition agricultural improvements increase food supply; European population doubles, 1000–1300, thereafter outstripping food production 1315–1317: crop failures produce worst famine of Middle Ages

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Black Death, 1348–1350

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  1. Black Death, 1348–1350 • precursor: overpopulation & malnutrition • agricultural improvements increase food supply; European population doubles, 1000–1300, thereafter outstripping food production • 1315–1317: crop failures produce worst famine of Middle Ages • bubonic plague (“Black Death”) followed trade routes from Asia into Europe, probably via fleas on rates from Black Sea area • popular remedies: relevant medical knowledge absent • aromatic amulets • temperance & moderation • promiscuity & abandon • flight & seclusion • self-flagellation

  2. Black Death (cont.) • economic consequences: • dramatic labor shortage, climbing wages for laborers & artisans • falling agricultural, climbing luxury prices—noble landowners hardest hit • attempts to freeze wages & force peasants to stay on land  peasant revolts • cities (artisans) benefit from demand for luxury goods • political/social consequences: • artisan guilds win some political power • kings take advantage of weakened nobility & church

  3. Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453) • nominal cause: English king Edward III’s claim on French throne, thwarted by accession of first Valois king, Philip VI (r. 1328–1350) • larger cause: English-French territorial, commercial, & cultural rivalry • French weakness: larger & wealthier, but more internal discord

  4. Hundred Years’ War (cont.) • First phase (under Edward III) • Flanders allies with England, recognizing Edward as king of France, 1340 • English seize Calais, 1346 • English rout near Poitiers, 1356; French king John II taken captive • 1360 treaty: John II ransomed, English claims in France recognized, Edward renounces claim to French throne • Second phase (Treaty of Troyes) • English war effort flags due to peasant revolts • recommences with English victory at Agincourt, 1415 • Duchy of Burgundy joins English • Treaty of Troyes, 1420: named English Henry V successor to French Charles VI, but both soon die

  5. Hundred Years’ War (cont.) • Third phase (Joan of Arc) • French teenage peasant Joan of Arc declares call from God to deliver besieged Orléans from English • tired English repulsed, followed by string of French victories • Joan captured 1430, tried & burned as heretic at English-held Rouen • English forced back, conclude war with Calais as only French possession (1453) • Summary: 68 years of peace, 44 of war; France devastated, but national feeling awakened; English & French peasants suffer most from taxes & services

  6. Late Medieval Church • papal monarchy established by Pope Innocent III strengthened the church politically, but weakened it spiritually—undermined popular support • Innocent’s successor’s: tightened & centralized church legal proceedings; elaborated clerical taxation; broadened papal powers of appointment • demise of Hohenstaufens took away galvanizing enemy of church, made it vulnerable

  7. Boniface VIII (r. 1294–1303) vs. Philip the Fair (r. 1285–1314) • French & English kings raise taxes on clergy; Boniface decrees new taxes need papal consent • French king Philip the Fair cuts off flow of money to Rome; Boniface concedes • Boniface issues Unam Sanctam (1302), as confrontation with Philip ramps up, asserting subordination of temporal to spiritual power • French army assault & molest Boniface, who later dies • result: popes never again seriously threaten European rulers

  8. Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) • Pope Clement V moves papal court here to escape strife of Rome • to get needed revenue, papal taxes go up, and sale of indulgences begins • Pope John XXII (r. 1316–1334)—most powerful Avignon pope

  9. John Wycliffe (d. 1384) and John Huss (d. 1415) • Lollards: followers of Wycliffe, English spokesman for rights of royalty against popes; challenged indulgences, papal infallibility, transubstantiation—anticipates Protestantism • Hussites: followers of Huss, rector of University of Prague—similar to Lollards

  10. Great Schism (1378–1417) • Urban VI and Clement VII—rival popes; England & allies support Urban, France & allies support Clement • Conciliar Theory: idea that a representative council could regulate actions of pope • Council of Pisa (1409–1410): deposed Urban & Clement (who refused to step down), elected Alexander V—three contending popes • Council of Constance (1414–1417): provides for regular councils every few years • Council of Basel (1431–1449): height of conciliar government of church; negotiated directly with heretics (Hussites) • results of conciliar movement: greater religious responsibility to laity & secular governments

  11. Mongol Rule in Russia (1243–1480) • Mongols, or Tatars, sweep through China, Islamic world, & Russia, 13th c. • Ghengis Khan (1155–1227) invades Russia, 1223 • Russian cities become tribute-paying principalities of part of Mongol Empire known as the Golden Horde • Russians impressed into Mongol military service, women taken as wives/concubines, some sold into slavery • partial Islamization of Russian society • 1380: beginning of Mongol decline in Russia; ends 1480 under Ivan the Great

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