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Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance and Reformation. 1350-1600. Black Death . Renaissance began at end of Black Death Plague in which 1/3 of Europe’s population died. Section 1: Renaissance. Renaissance means “rebirth”

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Renaissance and Reformation

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  1. Renaissance and Reformation 1350-1600

  2. Black Death • Renaissance began at end of Black Death • Plague in which 1/3 of Europe’s population died

  3. Section 1: Renaissance • Renaissance means “rebirth” • It was an age of recovery from the disasters of the Middle Ages such as the plague, political instability, and a decline of Church power. • Also, there was a high regard for human worth and a realization of what individuals could achieve.

  4. Italian City-states • The Renaissance began in Italy. • The major cities of influence were Milan, Venice, and Florence. • Each of these cities played crucial role in politics. • Niccolo Machiavelli’s book The Prince became one of the most influential works on political power. • He believed that a ruler should keep his power by whatever means necessary.

  5. Renaissance Society • During the Middle Ages, society was divided into 3 categories. These categories continued with the Renaissance • Nobility: 2 – 3% of the population; held important political posts and were advisers to the king • Clergy: church officials • Peasants and Townspeople: most of the population were in this classification; urban poverty increased throughout Europe

  6. Family and Marriage • Parents carefully arranged marriages to strengthen business or family ties • A father’s authority over his children was absolute until he died or formally freed them. Therefore, the age of adulthood varied from early teens to the late twenties. ** end of notes**

  7. Section 2: The Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance • Italian Renaissance Humanism • Emphasis on the individual • Studied things like grammar, poetry, philosophy, and history • Vernacular Literature • Writers began to write in the language spoken in their own regions (vernacular) • Dante and Geoffrey Chaucer helped make vernacular literature more popular

  8. Education • The humanist movement had a huge effect on education. • Humanists wrote books on education and opened schools. • They stressed in importance of history, poetry, mathematics, astronomy, music, and physical education. • Humanist education was a preparation for life as well as creating great scholars and complete citizens.

  9. The Arts • Perspective allowed painters to create the illusion of three dimensions • Masters of the High Renaissance • Leonardo da Vinci • Raphael • Michelangelo ** end of notes**

  10. Section 3: The Protestant Reformation • Religious reform movement that divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups • Desiderius Erasmus criticized the abuses in the Church in his work, The Praise of Folly.

  11. Prior to the Reformation, Popes were: • more concerned with politics and worldly interests • concerned with money and advanced their personal careers and wealth • failing to meet the needs of their followers • sold indulgences

  12. Martin Luther • On October 31, 1517, Luther nailed a list of Ninety-five Theses to the church door in Wittenberg, Germany. • Thousands of copies were printed and spread to all parts of Germany.

  13. In January of 1521, the Church excommunicated him. • The Edict of Worms made him an outlaw within the empire.

  14. Spread of Lutheranism • While in hiding, Luther gained the support of German rulers who established state churches that followed Luther’s teachings. • Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith. ** end of notes**

  15. Section 4: The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response • Division among the Protestants appeared throughout Europe. • In Switzerland, Ulrich Zwingli pushed for religious reform: • Removal of relics and paintings • New sermons that replaced Catholic mass

  16. After Zwingli died in battle, John Calvin took leadership of the reformation in Switzerland. • The thought of predestination became one of the major differences among the protestant faiths.

  17. In England, King Henry VIII sought a divorce from his wife. • At his request, Parliament broke from the Catholic Church and established the Anglican Church.

  18. Catholic Reformation • The Catholic Church went through a period of reform that gave it new strength and allowed it to regain what it lost. • The Jesuits (Society of Jesus) took a vow of obedience to the Pope and helped spread the Catholic teachings. • The Papacy rededicated itself to the people • The Council of Trent reaffirmed the Catholic teachings • Faith and good works needed for salvation • Use of indulgences strengthened • Seven sacraments upheld • Clerical celibacy affirmed ** end of notes**

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