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The Renaissance and Reformation: A Transformative Era in Europe

The Renaissance and Reformation mark significant changes in European history, beginning in Italy and spreading throughout the continent in the 15th and 16th centuries. Characterized by a renewed interest in the classical cultures of ancient Rome and a focus on humanism, this period fostered creativity, arts, and education. The Protestant Reformation, initiated by Martin Luther in 1517, challenged the authority of the Church and sparked widespread religious and social upheaval. With movements like Calvinism and the rise of the Anglican Church, these transformations reshaped religious beliefs and practices across Europe.

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The Renaissance and Reformation: A Transformative Era in Europe

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  1. Renaissance and reformation

  2. The Renaissance • Began in Italy, then spread north. • Sparked by a new interest in the culture of ancient Rome. • Was a time of “renewed” creativity and political, social, economic change

  3. An “awakening” in the 1400s after the dark ages. • Humanism- an intellectual movement focused on worldly rather than religious issues. • Believed that education stimulated creative powers • Return to the “humanities” – history, poetry, rhetoric

  4. Wealthy patrons including Popes & princes heavily supported. • Much religious & humanist art • Artists learned the rules of perspective & shading & portrayed the human body more accurately. • Use of geometric shapes • R. Architects rejected Gothic style and adopted columns, arches, & domes.

  5. The Printing Revolution • In 1456, Johann Gutenberg from Germany used the 1st printing press • 1st complete ed. of the Bible • Used ideas from China & Korea • Brought immense changes • People now learned to read • Learned a broad range of knowledge

  6. The Protestant Reformation Abuses in the Church • The church was very wealthy & powerful. • Popes had a lavish lifestyle & financed the arts. • To pay for this, some promoted the sale of indulgences. (less time in purgatory) • Once given for good deeds…

  7. Luther’s Protest • Began in 1517 • Led by a German monk & professor, Martin Luther • In his hometown of Wittenberg, the priest was selling indulgences • Luther was outraged and nailed his 95 theses to the door of the church. • Copies were distributed across Europe & the pope called on Luther to recant his views. • Luther refused & was excommunicated.

  8. Reformation Ideas Spread • The Holy Roman Emperor did not support him & made him an outlaw. • Some princes & thousands of others supported him and renounced the authority of the pope. • Beliefs? • The Bible is the word of God, not the pope. • Salvation through faith, not works • Priests are regular people & could marry. • Only 2/7 sacraments were in the Bible

  9. Reformation Ideas Spread • Lutheranism was the answer to years of Church corruption. • Many peasants followed Luther and revolts erupted across Germany. • The Peace of Augsburg (1555) allowing the new religion legally exist. • N. Germany mostly went Lutheran (Protestant) & the S. remained Catholic. Peace of Augsburg, Germany

  10. The Peasant Revolt - 1525

  11. ReformationEurope(Late 16c)

  12. ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)

  13. Reformation Ideas Spread Calvinism • John Calvin followed Luther in France & Switzerland • Calvinists believed in strict morality • Spread through western Europe & faced opposition from Catholics and Lutherans • Other more radical churches formed later, like Anabaptists

  14. Reformation Ideas Spread The English Reformation • King Henry VIII was the first to become Protestant in England. • for political reasons, he wanted a divorce… • Married Ann Boleyn, who bore him Elizabeth, but married 4 more times & finally had Edward • Started the Church of England (Anglican) • After Henry died, so did his teenage son, so his ½ sister, Mary Tudor was in line for the throne.

  15. Queen Mary was Catholic & had hundreds of Protestants burned at the stake. • When she died, her sister Elizabeth became queen & restored the Anglican Church. • Queen Elizabeth I had a long reign & restored unity to England. • Now a Protestant country

  16. The Catholic Reformation • Many Catholics also knew they had to reform themselves. • The Council of Trent (1545) tried to end abuses. • To deal w/ the Protestant threat, the Inquisition continued (torture of Protestants & Jews) • Jews were persecuted by all

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