Renaissance and Reformation

1. Renaissance and Reformation

2. 1 Renaissance Italy

3. 1 Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy? New interest in ancient Rome The cities of Italy Survived the Middle Ages Trade and manufacturing. Wealthy merchant class Education and individual achievement Spent lavishly on the arts. Florence Gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars, and scientists. City of Florence, Italy

4. 1 What Was the Renaissance? • The Renaissance was a time of creativity and change • social, economic, and cultural • changes the way people viewed themselves and their world • Renaissance thinkers • explored the human experience in the here and now • emphasized individual achievement. • The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields.

5. 1 Humanism Humanism the study of classical culture, worldly subjects rather than on religious issues. Humanities, the subjects taught in ancient Greece and Rome

6. 1 Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques PAINTERS WRITERS Developed realistic style Learned rules of perspective Used shading to make objects look round and real Studied human anatomy Used live models Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world ARCHITECTS Rejected Gothic style Adopted columns, domes, and arches that had been favored by the Greeks and Romans

7. 1 Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art RAPHAEL MICHELANGELO LEONARDO Made sketches of nature and of models Dissected corpses to learn how the human body worked Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper Studied botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats Studied the works of Michelangelo and Leonardo Paintings blended Christian and classical styles Best known for paintings of the Madonna, the biblical mother of Jesus Talented sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome Designed the dome for St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome

8. 2 Artists of the Northern Renaissance The Northern Renaissance began in Flanders later spread to Spain, France, Germany, and England. Albrecht Durer – Germany “German Leonardo.” Jan and Hubert van Eyck painted townspeople in rich, realistic detail-oil paint. Pieter Bruegel -peasant life, influenced later Flemish artists. Peter Paul Reubens blended Flemish with the Italian Renaissance.

9. 2 Northern Humanists Northern humanists stressed education and classical learning Revival of ancient learning Religious and moral reforms. Two humanists: Desiderius Erasmus Reform of the church Bible to be translated from Latin Thomas More Social reform Utopian society. Erasmus More

10. 2 The Printing Revolution Printing revolution • 1456-Johann Gutenberg • Movable type IMPACT: • Cheaper and easier • More people learned to read. • Broad range of knowledge and ideas.

11. 2 Writers of the Northern Renaissance RABELAIS SHAKESPEARE CERVANTES English poet who was the towering figure of Renaissance literature Wrote 37 plays that are still performed around the world His love of words vastly enriched the English language. Spanish author who wrote Don Quixote, which mocks romantic notions about medieval chivalry French humanist who was a monk, physician, Greek scholar, and author Offered opinions on religion, education, and other subjects in Gargantua and Pantagruel.

12. 3 The Protestant Reformation 1500s-Protestant Reformation Calls for Reform Protestants “protested” papal authority.

13. 3 Abuses in the Church • The Church gets caught up in worldly affairs • Popes competed and Italian princes • Popes fought long wars over Papal States • Indulgences • Popes led lavish lifestyles • The Church increased fees • Weddings, baptisms etc.

14. 3 The Teachings of Martin Luther • 95 Theses • Salvation=faith alone Luther rejected that good deeds were necessary for salvation The Bible • Luther denied other authorities • All Christians have equal access to God • Priests and Church-special powers

15. 3 Why did Luther’s ideas receive such support? • Germany and Scandinavia • Answer to Church corruption. • German princes • National loyalty. • Peasants

16. John Calvin • Followed Luther • Predestination • Theocracy-Geneva • Spread to Germany, France, Scotland, England • Persecution

17. 4 Radical Reformers New Protestant sects sprang up More radical than Luther and Calvin. Anabaptists rejected infant baptism abolish private property violence to speed up judgment day religious tolerance separation of Church and state

19. 4 England and the Church In 1528, King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul his marriage. The pope refused Henry’s request. Henry took the Church from the pope’s control and created the Church of England. Protestant King Edward VI brought Protestant reforms to England. Queen Mary wanted to restore Catholicism to England. She had hundreds of English Protestants burned at the stake. Queen Elizabeth forged a compromise between Protestants and Catholics.

20. King Henry’s Wives

21. 4 The Catholic Reformation • Pope Paul III • Moral authority of the Church • Called the Council of Trent • Strengthened the Inquisition • Jesuits

22. 4 Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects Peasants’ Revolt Founding of Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian, and other Protestant churches Weakening of Holy Roman Empire Luther calls for Jews to be expelled from Christian lands Religious wars in Europe Catholic Reformation Strengthening of the Inquisition Jewish migration to Eastern Europe Increased anti-Semitism

23. 4 Widespread Persecution Both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance Catholics killed Protestants and Protestants killed Catholics 1450-1750 witch hunts Jewish Persecution Ghettos

24. 4 Major European Religions about 1600

25. 5 Changing Views of the Universe • Until the mid-1500s, Europeans accepted Ptolemy’s theory • 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus • Heliocentric • 1500s Tycho Brahe • Set up an observatory • Johannes Keppler • Ellipse • Galileo Galilei • Telescope • Confirmed the heliocentric model • Galileo was tried before the Inquisition

26. 5 The Scientific Method This new approach to science depended on observation and experimentation.

27. 5 Scientific Advances The 1500s and 1600s saw breakthroughs in many branches of science. Isaac Newton proposed the law of gravity. Andreas Vesalius published the first accurate study of human anatomy. Robert Boyle differentiated elements from compounds William Harvey described the circulation of blood. Ambroise Pare developed an ointment for preventing infection, technique for stitching wounds. Anthony von Leeuwenhoek perfected the microscope, first human to see cells and microorganisms.