Internal conflict

1. Internal conflict Psychoanalytic perspective • The Super Ego • This is the moral part of the personality; a product of socialization. Oedipus Complex • the ego-ideal = standards of good behavior that we aspire to. - instilled by our caregivers- that “inner voice”  • depending on which is activated, The superego is seen as the source of Rewards or punishments • The ID • Pleasure seeking- primitive impulses • Present at birth • Behavior based on how it will influence the self • The Ego: • It operates according to the reality principle.   It controls the id's drive for immediate satisfaction until an appropriate outlet can be found.

2. Psychosexual stages Oral Stage • (Birth to 18 months) focused on oral pleasures (sucking). • Oral Fixation- stronger tendency to smoke, drink alcohol, over eat, or bite his or her nails. • Personality-dependent upon others, gullible, and perpetual followers. OR fight these urges and develop pessimism and aggression toward others.

3. Psychosexual Stages Anal Stage • (18 months to three years) focus of pleasure in this stage is on eliminating and retaining feces. • Anal Retentive vs. Anal Expulsive

4. Psychosexual Stages Phallic Stage • Ages 3 – 6 Focus on the genitals. Oedipus Complex (boys) Electra Complex (girls) • Identify with father rather than fight him- develops masculine characteristics and identifies himself as a male • Fixation= Sexual Deviences (overindulging vs avoidance) and/or weak or confused sexual identity according to psychoanalysts.

5. Psychosexual Stages Latency Stage • 6 – puberty • Sexual urges remain repressed • children interact and play mostly with same sex peers.

6. Psychosexual Stages Genital Stage • Puberty on to late adulthood • At the start of puberty when sexual urges are once again awakened. • Through the lessons learned during the previous stages,sexual urges “directed to” onto opposite sex peers

7. Defense Mechanisms • Regression is a movement back in psychological time when one is faced with stress • Repression- "motivated forgetting," not being able to recall a threatening situation, person, or event • Reaction formation- changing an unacceptable impulse into its opposite. • Denial - blocking external events from awareness

8. Defense Mechanisms • Asceticism - or the renunciation of needs • Displacement - is the redirection of an impulse onto a substitute target • Turning against the self - the person becomes their own substitute target • Projection- tendency to see your own unacceptable desires in other people

9. Defense Mechanisms • Altruistic surrender - attempts to fulfill his or her own needs vicariously, through other people • Undoing- gestures/rituals to cancel out unpleasant thoughts /feelings after they've occurred • Introjection- (Identification)- taking into your own personality characteristics of someone else • Rationalization - cognitive distortion of "the facts" to make an event/impulse less threatening • Sublimation - transforming an unacceptable impulse into a socially acceptable/ productive form

10. Carl Jung • Collective unconscious: a shared/inherited well of memory traces from our ancestors called archetypes, or images and ideas that have universal meaning (e.g., mandalas) • Show up in dreams and cultural symbols

11. Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology • Less emphasis on social factors more on unconscious • Introverted and extroverted personality types

13. Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology • Childhood is important to personality- focus on social (not sexual) • Goal of behavior = to conquer inferiority and feel superior. • Inferiority Complex • Compensation • First to study birth order

14. Freud and Neofreudians Areas of Agreement Areas of Disagreement Our conscious mind has more power in coping with the environment Sex and aggression are not the only motivators Sex is not the basis of personality • Structures of mind • Unconscious is important • Shaping in childhood • Anxiety and defense mechanisms

15. Testing the Psychoanalytic perspective • Thematic Apperception • Rorschach Ink-Blot Tests • Free association

16. Humanistic perspective Carl Rogers: Person Centered Abraham Maslow: Self Actualization Unconditioned Positive Regard Focus on the healthy – people are basically good and self actualization

17. Assessment and Criticisms • Questionnaires (actual self with ideal self) • Interviews • Intimate conversations • Vague and subjective • Emphasis on individualism: promote self indulgence, selfishness, and lack of moral restraint? • Are we inherently evil and/or self indulgent? BARNUM EFFECT

18. Behavior patterns (traits) that dominate our behaviors. Trait perspective Factor analysis is a statistical approach used to describe and relate personality traits. MMPI Myers-Briggs Cattell16 Personality Factor (16PF) inventory. The Big 5 Hans and Sybil Eysenck Basically 2

19. Where would the following be located? • Restless • Outgoing • Pessimistic • Passive • Restless • Neuroticism/Extravert • Pessimistic • Neurotic/Introvert • Outgoing • Stable/Extravert • Passive • Introvert/stable

20. The Big-Five • Conscientiousness • Agreeableness • Neuroticism • Openness • Extraversion • These traits are quite stable in adulthood • 50/50 (nature vs nurture) • Common across cultures • Can predict personality/behaviors • Expressiveness= mannerisms, animation, gestures, etc • Can evaluate a person in a matter of minutes or even seconds • First impressions are often correct • Little cognitive control

21. Social-Cognitive perspective Who, EXACTLY, is in control? • Applying learning and cognition to personality. • Reciprocal- relationship between the environment (Nurture) and personality. • Sense of personal control is emphasized • Internal vs External • Optimism vs Pessimism

22. Assessment of Personality • Positive psychology- focus on human functioning through scientific research. Focus is on the POSITIVE stuff: groups, character, feelings, etc. • To assess researchers observe behavior in situations that are realistic- to evaluate the effect and affect of behaviors • Critics- too much on the situation and not enough on the inner emotions.

23. Current Research: the self and esteem • Possible self- What do I aspire to become? • Spotlight effect- How much do people really notice about me? • Self Reference- How much I remember depends on how I relate it to myself. • Self Serving Bias- Credit self for what we do well

24. Correlation between self esteem and personal issues • Defensive self-esteem • Correlates with antisocial behaviors • Depends on outside forces High Self Esteem Low Self Esteem Tend to have more personal issues Chicken or the egg? Develop high esteem by helping children meet challenges • Sleep better, more independent, don’t give up, outgoing, and happier • Reflects reality- if we do well we feel good • Reward all performance?