The Essence of Life

1. The Essence of Life

3. The Essence of Life

4. Blending InheritanceA great idea if youIGNORE the data. • The Basic Idea of Blending Inheritance • 1) Sex cells still contain the "essence of the parents". • 2) Offspring represent a mixture of the "essence"of each parent Example: • Cross pollinate a red flower with a white flower and you get a pink flower Example: • Cross pollinate a human female with a human male …….and you get?

5. Ru Paul So much for the brilliant idea of blending inheritance!

6. Gregor Mendel 1856A monk with no social lifebut a good scientific mind. • Mendel's improved approach to understanding inheritance: • 1) Studied clear cut (non-ambiguous) traits in pea plants, e.g. seed color, seed shape, stem height etc. • 2) Studied traits in pea plants that were"true breeding", i.e. after extensive self-pollination, offspring have the same traitsas the parents. • 3) HeCOUNTEDthe results of his crosses with different pea plants.

7. Mendel's Experiment Cross plants that breed true for tall stems with plants that breed true for dwarf stems Parent Plants X F 1 Generation

8. Mendel's Next Experiment Cross the F 1generation plants with each other (Note: With humans, this is illegal in most states) F1 Generation X F2 Generation

9. Mendel's Conclusions Based on counting thousands pea plants.(Remember he had no social life.) • Blending inheritance was a bogus idea • Heredity, therefore, was "particulate". • Each plant had two of these hereditary "particles", "alleles" or "genes". • Sex cells contain only one of the two hereditary "particles". The selection of which hereditary particle makes it into each sex cell is random. .

10. D Mendel's Experiment True breeding plants DD Genotype dd Tall Phenotype Dwarf d d D

11. Mendel's Experiment F1 Generation Genotype = Dd Phenotype = Tall D d

12. D d 50/50 D d 50/50 Mendel's Experiment F1 Generation Genotype = Dd Phenotype = Tall

13. Dd d D dd d d DD D D Dd D d F1 Generation Cross Dd X Dd

14. When the Data Don't Quite Fit, Ignore Them! The Expected Outcome for Genetic Inheritance that Follows Mendelian Ratios Parent #1 Breeds True for Red Flowers Parent #2 Breeds True for White Flowers X F1 Generation are all either Red (if red is dominant) or all White (if white is dominant).) F2 Generation show a 3:1 ratio of Dominant to Recessive Phenotype

15. X X You Know It's Going to be a Bad Gene Day When... Parent #2 Breeds True Parent #1 Breeds True X for White Flowers for Red Flowers F Generation were all Pink 1 F Generation showed a 1:2:1 ratio 2 of Red to Pink to White! Mendel's Solution to this Problem? "I just won't think about this now. I'll think about this tomorrow. After all, tomorrow is another day. "

16. X X Partial Dominance Parent #2 Breeds True for White Flowers Parent #1 Breeds True for Red Flowers X RR R'R' F Generation were all Pink 1 RR' F Generation showed a 1:2:1 ratio 2 of Red to Pink to White! RR : RR' : R'R'

17. Customized Phenotype Genetic Engineering

18. Shark DNA P GG 3' 5' CCGC OH Tomato DNA OH 3' GG CGCC 5' P What is the result of ligating DNA from two different species? P GG 3' 5' CCGC OH OH 3' GG CGCC 5' P OH 5' CCGC P 3' GG GG 3' P CGCC 5' OH Genetic Engineering - NOT!

19. Food for the Planet(Beyond The Joy of Chemistry) The Biotech Revolution • Gains in agricultural production thanks to the introduction of: • Genetically Engineered Life. • Pest and Herbicide Resistance • Increased Yield and Longer Shelf Life • Drought and Cold Resistance • Flavor and Nutritional Content • Vaccine Production

20. Less Pesticides for Safer Agriculture The Cotton Boll Worm is just one of the reasons cotton production consumes more agrochemicals than any crop on Earth.

21. Natural Cotton Genetically Engineered Cotton Genetically engineered cotton reduces insecticide use.

22. Transgenic BT Cotton Pest Resistant thanks to Bacillus thuringiensis Wild Type “Natural” Cotton BT “Engineered” Cotton

23. Transgenic BT Corn Pest Resistant thanks to Bacillus thuringiensis BT “Engineered” Corn Wild Type “Natural” Corn

24. ACC Oxidase Gene KnockoutSlower Ripening with Higher Nutritional Content Natural Cantaloupe 60 days old Engineered Cantaloupe 60 days old

25. Ethylene Receptor Knockout Plants do not Ripen (vegetables) or wilt (flowers) 100 Days 8 Days Genetically Engineered Flower Natural Tomato Natural Flower Genetically Engineered Tomato

26. Potatoes genetically engineered to produce human vaccines enable third world farmers to immunize people even where health care is otherwise nonexistent.

27. The Biotech Revolution Doesn't Stop With the Green Giant

28. Dangerous bacteria can be genetically programmed to target and kill cancer cells.

29. Genetically Engineered Cancer Drugs (Endostatin) Blood Vessels in Healthy Tissue Blood Vessels in Cancerous Tissue Endostatin starves cancers by preventing the growth of new blood vessels.

30. Endostatin Treated Untreated

31. Cloning

32. Cloned Goats Produce Human Anti-thrombin III in their Milk (To Treat Coagulation Disease)

33. Transgenic Goat Chromosomes Blue dots are Human Anti-Thrombin III Genes on Goat Chromosomes

34. When will WE be Cloned?

35. Clones Already Walk Among Us

36. We have the Technology

37. Embryo Screening

39. The Leading Edge of Genetic Technology

40. C’est Fini Contact Information Thank you for your attention. Any questions? Phillip B. Danielson University of Denver Department of Biological Sciences 2101 E. Wesley Avenue Rm. 211 Denver, CO 80210 Email: pdaniels@du.edu Tel: (303) 871-3561