CITRIC ACID

2. CITRIC ACID

3. CITRIC ACID OH O ║ O ║ OH– C – CH2 – C – CH2 – C – OH O ║ HO – C 2 – hydroxy – 1,2,3 – propanetricarboxylic acid

4. CARBOXYLIC ACID

5. DEFINITION • Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a CARBOXYL GROUP, which has the formula -C(=O)OH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H.

7. SYNTHETIC

8. OXIDATION of ALDEHYDE gen. formula K2Cr2O7 1ᵒ Alcohol -----→ ALDEHYDE + H2O KMnO4 (O) CARBOXYLIC ACID

9. EXAMPLE ETHANAL O ║ K2Cr2O7 CH3 – CH2 – OH CH3 – C – H + H2O (O) (O) CH3 – C – OH O ║ ETHANOIC ACID

10. NATURAL

12. FORMIC ACID O ║ H – C – OH methanoic acid

14. MALONIC/MALIC ACID O ║ O ║ HO – C – CH2 – C – OH propanedioic acid

15. RHUBARB

17. OXALIC ACID O ║ O ║ HO – C – C – OH ethanedioic acid

19. ARACHIDIC ACID O ║ CH3 – (CH2)18 – C – OH ICOSANOIC acid

21. CITRIC ACID OH O ║ O ║ OH– C – CH2 – C – CH2 – C – OH O ║ HO – C 2 – hydroxy – 1,2,3 – propanetricarboxylic acid

23. OLEIC ACID O ║ CH3 – (CH2)7 – CH=CH – (CH2)7 – C – OH OLIVES

24. View patricia pen's map Taken in (See more photos here) The leaves are such a rich shiny green they begged me to take a picture.  LAUREL LEAVES

25. LAURIC ACID O ║ CH3 – (CH2)10 – C – OH DODECANOIC acid

26. Human & Animal FATS

27. STEARIC ACID O ║ CH3 – (CH2)16 – C – OH OCTADECANOIC acid

28. USES

30. ACETIC ACID O ║ CH3 – C – OH ethanoic acid

33. LACTIC ACID O ║ CH3 – CH – C – OH OH 2 - hydroxypropanoic acid

35. BUTYRIC ACID O ║ CH3 – (CH2)2 – C – OH butanoic acid

37. PALMITIC ACID O ║ CH3 – (CH2)14 – C – OH hexadecanoic acid

38. NOMENCLATURE

39. IUPAC RULES • A carboxylic acid is named in the IUPAC system by replacing the –e of the alkane name by Functional group suffix = -oic acid. • The carboxyl carbon is designated as number # 1, and other substituents are located and named accordingly. • However, common names derived from their natural source are used extensively for most carboxylic acid, and the greek letters alpha, beta, gamma and delta are used to show the location of side groups.

41. EXAMPLES

42. Give the IUPAC & COMMON name of D’ Given Structure 09 10 08 07 06 04 00 05 02 03 01 O ║ CH3 – (CH2)4 – C – OH IUPAC HEXANOIC ACID CAPROIC ACID COMMON

43. Give the IUPAC & COMMON name of D’ Given Structure 09 10 08 07 06 04 05 00 03 01 02 O ║ OH CH3 – (CH2)2 – C – C – OH OH IUPAC 2,2 dihydroxypentanoic ACID COMMON α,α - dihydroxyvalericACID

44. Give D’ IUPAC name of D’ CARBOXYLIC structure 10 09 08 04 00 03 02 06 07 05 01 O ║ O ║ CH2 – CH3 HO – C – CH – C – CH – CH3 NO2 IUPAC 4 – methyl – 2 – nitro – 3 – oxohexanoic ACID

45. 10 09 Give D’ COMMON name of D’ CARBOXYLIC structure 08 04 00 03 02 06 07 05 01 HO CH3 O ║ O ║ CH3 – (CH2)2 – C – CH – C – (CH2)2 – C – OH NO2 COMMON NAME ε – hydroxy – δ – methyl – ε – nitro – γ – oxopelargonic acid

46. 10 09 08 04 Give D’ IUPAC name of D’ CARBOXYLIC structure 00 03 02 06 07 05 01 CH3 – CH2 CH2 – CH3 CH3 – (CH2)2 – C – CH2 – C – CH2 – CH3 HO– C – 2HC (CH2)2– CH3 O ║ IUPAC NAME 3,5,5 – triethyl – 3 – propyloctanoic acid

47. What if there’s a DOUBLE or TRIPLE bond in a structure? EXAMPLES O ║ CH3 – C ≡ C – C – OH 2 – butynecarboxylic acid O ║ C – OH 3 – cyclohexenecarboxylic acid

48. 10 09 Give D’ IUPAC name of D’ CARBOXYLIC structure 08 04 05 07 06 03 00 02 01 CH2– CH3 O ║ HO – C – CH – CH2 – C ≡ C – C – CH3 CH3 – (CH2)2 6 – ethyl – 6 – methyl – 2 – phenyl – 4 – nonynecarboxylic acid

49. 10 09 08 04 Give D’ IUPAC name of D’ CARBOXYLIC structure 07 06 05 03 02 00 01 O ║ C – OH CH2 HO 5 – benzyl – 4 – cyclohexyl – 3 – hydroxy – 2 – cyclohexene carboxylic acid

50. 10 09 08 04 Give D’ IUPAC name of D’ CARBOXYLIC structure 07 06 05 03 02 00 01 O ║ C – OH CH3 – (CH2)4 4 – pentyl – 2 – cyclopentynecarboxylic acid