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Pathways to children

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Pathways to children

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    1. INTRODUCTION DIATHESIS STRESS MODEL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Stressors act upon, and activate, existing dormant vulnerabilities; this leads to maladaptive outcomes. This study examines the diathesis stress model in young children whose mothers experienced domestic violence (DV: male violence toward a female partner) during pregnancy. Prenatal Diathesis—maternal exposure to DV during pregnancy and maternal psychopathology Postnatal Stress—child exposure to DV, family stress, harsh parenting Outcomes—child internalizing and externalizing behavior Diathesis Maternal stress during pregnancy may result in exposure to stress-related neurohormones to the fetus, such as cortisol, which can result in later behavioral difficulties in children (e.g., Phillips, Hammen, Brennan, Najman, & Bor, 2005) DV is a stressor DV has negative psychological effects on women: depression (e.g., Carlson, McNutt, & Choi, 2003) anxiety (e.g., Baldry, 2003; Tang, 1997) low self-esteem (e.g., Levendosky & Graham-Bermann, 2001) Stress: DV: Children exposed to DV display more internalizing and externalizing symptoms compared to unexposed children (e.g., Levendosky et al., 2003; Litrownik et al., 2003). Harsh Parenting: Children from households with DV are also at increased risk of experiencing abuse (e.g., Appel & Holden, 1998; Chemtob & Carlson, 2004), which may manifest in the form of harsh parenting (e.g., Levendosky & Graham-Bermann, 1998, 2001). Harsh parenting is associated with internalizing and externalizing behaviors in children (e.g., Dubowitz et al., 2005) Negative Life Events: Other negative life events (e.g., financial strain) frequently co-occur with DV (e.g., Levendosky & Graham-Bermann, 2001). Negative life events predict externalizing behaviors in preschool children (e.g., Ackerman, Kogos, Youngstrom, Schoff, & Izard, 1999). Hypotheses: We hypothesize that postnatal stressors will mediate the relationship between the prenatal diathesis and the postnatal child outcomes. Data Analysis: Relationship between prenatal diathesis and early life stressors was examined in children between the ages of 1-5 years. Models were separately analyzed at age 1, ages 2-4, and age 5 due to different, though comparable, measures of outcomes and predictors at different age groups.

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