I. The Second Great Awakening

1. I. The Second Great Awakening A. Background (or historical context) 1. 75% or 17m of 23m are church goers 2. Liberalism in religion a. rationalist .. Enlightenment b. Deism – science rather than Bible Impact of 2nd Great Awakening 1. Reactionary – Perhaps most important era in American religion… 2. Effects – a,b,c

2. (Impact cont.) Revivalism – “camp meetings” - Billy Graham’s ancestors? C. New Sects 1. Mormons p. 323 a. Joseph Smith b. Persecution c. Brigham Young 2. Burned over district – Charles Finney 3. Class and religion 4. Millerites and Millenialism p. 323 - Oct. 22, 1844

3. Charles G. Finney p. 322 Preaching [ a doctrine of ] “perfectionism,” it was possible for all Christians to become “as perfect as God.” “the complete reformation of the whole world” could be achieved if only enough converts put their efforts.. - Lydia Finney becomes first president of Female Moral Reform Society (anti-prostitution)

4. II. Age of Reform Evangelism and reform connection 1. Puritan connections 2. Modernization causes problems 3. Women’s role… 4. Major issues – ATotally Wicked Elephant Made People Devour Worms Temperance American Temperance Society – 1826 Strategies – Temperance v/s Prohibition

5. Reform cont. Women’s Rights 1. Market Revolution connection a. Republican Motherhood 2. Female Suffrage and other rights a. Lucretia Mott b. Elizabeth Cady Stanton c. Susan B. Anthony d. Grimke Sisters e. Others…

6. Sarah and Angelina GrimkeHell’s Belles • In 1837 Angelina became the 1st woman to speak b/f the MA state legislature – (2nd Sarah Bagley, Lowell worker) Grimkes are 1st American female public speakers • Directly challenge the ideas of Republican Motherhood and the “Cult of Domesticity.” • Exemplified by ministers reminding the Grimkes of “woman’s proper sphere” [ of silence / subordination ] • 1838 answer in Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women

7. Sarah Grimke 1838 “men and women were CREATED EQUAL… and whatever is right for a man to do, is right for a woman.” “I seek no favors for my sex. I surrender not our claim to equality. All I ask of our brethren is, that they will take their feet from off our necks and permit us to stand upright on that ground which God designed us to occupy.”

8. Seneca Falls Convention (1848) a. Organized by Stanton and Mott b. Declaration of Sentiments c. Woman’s movement overshadowed by abolitionism and events leading to Civil War. Education 1. Public Education a. Tax supported education triumphs b/t 1825-1850 (not so much in South) b. Horace Mann – he’s the Education Man

9. Horace Mann detail • 1796-1859 Education reformer and abolitionist. He was also the brother-in-law of N. Hawthorne (married sisters). • born in Franklin, MA - used local library est. by Franklin • Brown (1819) and Litchfield Law (1823) • MA used taxes as of 1827 for public schools. • 1837 – begin school career : accomplished reports, instituted teacher training and pay, longer school (16) • Also supported the “Americanization” of immigrants. • Politically abolitionist by US House 1848 as anti-slavery Whig to succeed J.Q. Adams and as independent in 1850. • Declined to run for Gov. of MA as Free Soiler in 1852.

10. Catherine Beecher “the moral government of God.” Since “the mind is to be guided chiefly by means of the affections,” she argued, “is not woman best fitted to accomplish these important objects?” Republican Motherhood – and the label “Cult of Domesticity” and a dynamic role!

11. Education cont. 2. Noah Webster Dictionary William McGuffey E. Dorothea Dix and Prison Reforms - between 1843-1854 Dix traveled more than 30k miles to publicize mental treatment. - By 1860 - 28 states had mental inst’s. - Prison reform, orphanages, and related fields – How far have we come today?

12. III. Wilderness Utopias New Harmony – Scottish industrialist Robert Owen, 1825 a “community without poverty and unemployment.” Brook Farm Oneida Colony – John Humphrey Noyes (see insert p. 336-37) Shakers

13. IV. Abolitionism Definition: movement in the North that demanded immediate end to slavery. (Qualify this) A. Precedents – Quakers during Revolution B. American Colonization Society (1817) 1. Recolonization – (practical?) - Liberia 1822, 15k over next four decades - Colonization Martin Delaney (Lincoln even) C. Abolitionism is the dominant reform movement – result to other movements.

14. Abolition cont. D. Radical Abolitionism 1. William Lloyd Garrison - The Liberator (1831) – Boston 2. American Anti-Slavery Society - Theodore Dwight Weld, and evangelized by Charles Finney in NY’s Burned Over Dis. - married Angelina Grimke - Wendell Philips – Boston and perhaps most important abolitionist.. - Followed Garrision, but moderates near 1860

15. Radical Abolition cont. Angelina and Sarah Grimke – only white southern women to become leading abolitionists. Anti-Slavery society would eventually split along gender lines. David Walker – Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829) Advocates violence to end slavery Sojourner Truth Elijah Lovejoy – printing press in Illinois and martrydom (others…)

16. Frederick Douglass – The North Star Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass - Political support

17. 1860 Election year and secession • Crittenden compromise – How is this southern concession? • Border States – MO, DE, MD, KY • Significance is multiple 1-4 • States that had seceded (MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX) of course SC first. • April 1861 VA, AK, NC, TN – why then?

18. Economic Policy • This is where the Republican led US government probably makes the most headway. (why?) • Morrill Tariff (1861) • Legal Tender Act – 1862 • National Bank Act – 1863 • Western development – RR’s • Homestead Act • Morrill Land Grant Act and Dept of Agriculture

19. More economic SFI • Congress borrowed >$2.5 billion for war effort and Jay Cooke sold personally >$450 million in War Bonds. • Later Cooke would help cause the Panic of 1873, as RR speculation ran rampant, and this was a major cause to the end of Reconstruction • First major centralized banking since who killed the 2nd BUS and when? • For the North, this is the beginning of a Gilded Age the first millionaire class develops.

20. Southern Economic Failures • Uncontrollable inflation – a basic supply demand lesson… • First uniform tax for the south too late • Pp. 471-472 discussion of speculators and the idea of “rich man’s war, poor man’s fight” • The State of the South: review statistics • Jefferson Davis – supports strong central government – irony?

21. Lincoln’s Presidency • Theme: Wartime Presidential Powers • 1-6 (Precedents and future similarities?) • The War Department – what is the responsibility of a country during war? • Cabinet – Seward, Chase, Stanton • Savvy leader – how Lincoln has to “walk the line.” 1st and 2nd Inaugurals, Emancipation Proclamation irony

22. Brief Timeline to War’s Intro • Where? • When? • Why? • End of the war comes back here four years later! Gen Robert Anderson raises the flag over Ft. Sumter again, this time in triumph..

23. Confederate Assets • Defensive strategy – why does this matter? • Moral Cause ! (until when?) • Leadership – who? • Confederate chances for victory…1-4

24. Northern Advantages p. 453 • Population • Immigration • Wealth • Manufacturing • RR’s • Sea

25. European Diplomacy in the War • Aristocracies of Europe support who? • Sold weapons and supplies to CSA • What interests might the British have? what was the southern strategy? And its failure? ● Europe wanted to take advantage of this war by taking Mexico...Napoleon III appoints Austrian Archduke Maximilian as Emperor of Mexico, what does this violate?

26. Overview of Reconstruction Proposals and Plans • 1864-65 Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan • 1865 13th Amendment • 1865-66 Presidential Reconstruction Johnson’s version of Lincoln’s Proposal • 1866-67 Congressional Plan: 10% Plan + 14th Amend • 1867-1877 Military Reconstruction (Congress): 14th Amendment + black suffrage established by 15th Amend • Compromise of 1876(77) Ends Reconstruction

27. Lincoln’s Plan • 10% of ex-Confederates states’ voters from 1860 had to pledge allegiance • Lincoln would then recognize a new state gov. • Property would be untouched Lincoln’s reconciliation • Congressional Response Wade Davis Bill (1864) • Lincoln’s response = • Radical Republicans (minority) Moderate (majority)

28. Johnson’s Plan • Johnson would act radically while Congress was out of session: • Recognizes several readmitted states (from Lincoln) • May 1865 his own Reconstruction plans disfranchise certain confederates, but his pardoning allows many to resume power. • Special state conventions to repeal secession ordinances (more on this in discussion) and reluctantly requires 13th ratification • Also this period allowed passage of severe BLACK CODES • This is a window (65-66) of opportunity for Confederates to get off easy, but this causes a fierce reaction from Congress.

29. Congressional Reconstruction • Civil Rights Bill of 1866 (vetoed by Johnson and overridden) • This granted black citizenship and destroyed many black codes • 14th Amendment – June 1866 permanent citizenship • 1866 Republican Super Majority (2/3) • 1867 First Reconstruction Act establishes 5 military districts, requires 14th ratification, also universal manhood suffrage. • Tenure of Office Act 1867 over Johnson’s veto, this will lead to IMPEACHMENT