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Understanding Physical Memory: Types, Functions, and Installation of RAM and ROM

Physical memory in computers includes two main types: ROM (Read-Only Memory) and RAM (Random Access Memory). ROM retains data when the PC is powered off, storing essential programs like BIOS on chips, while RAM temporarily holds data and instructions needed by the CPU during operation, losing this data when the power is off. RAM consists of dynamic RAM (DRAM), requiring constant refreshing, and static RAM (SRAM), which provides faster access but is more expensive. Proper installation of these modules involves anti-static precautions to protect against electrical damage.

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Understanding Physical Memory: Types, Functions, and Installation of RAM and ROM

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  1. Physical Memory Review • Temporarily holds data and instructions as CPU processes them • Two categories • ROM • Retains its data when PC is turned off • Stores data on chips socketed or soldered to circuit boards • RAM • Loses its data when PC is turned off • Housed on SIMMs, DIMMs, or RIMMs

  2. ROM on the Motherboard • Consists of memory chips that contain programs (ROM BIOS) that are acid-etched into the chips and cannot be changed • EPROM (erasable programmable ROM) and EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable ROM) chips can be reprogrammed

  3. ROM on the Motherboard

  4. RAM on the Motherboard • Serves as main memory • Provides a memory cache • Two categories • Dynamic RAM (DRAM) • Needs to be refreshed by the memory controller • Usually stored on DIMMs, less commonly on RIMMs • Static RAM (SRAM)

  5. DRAM Storage

  6. SRAM Storage

  7. Static RAM Technologies • Provide faster access than DRAM because data does not need to be constantly rewritten to SRAM • SRAM chips are made of transistors that can hold a charge • DRAM chips are made of capacitors that must be recharged • Due to expense of SRAM chips, most computers have a little SRAM and a lot of DRAM

  8. Dynamic RAM Technologies • Always stored in SIMMs, DIMMs, or RIMM modules • Major differences among modules: • Width of the data path that each accommodates • The way data moves from system bus to module • Goal is to increase overall throughput while retaining accuracy

  9. Examples of Memory Modules

  10. DIMM Technologies

  11. Installing Memory • Protect chips against static electricity • Use a ground bracelet • Turn off power and remove cover to case • Handle memory modules with care

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