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Kennedy and Johnson 1960’s

Kennedy and Johnson 1960’s. Chapter 20. John Fitzgerald Kennedy 35 th President/election of 1960. Defeats Richard Nixon – How? War-hero 1 st televised debate Kennedy looked good, held his own, well prepared. African-American vote Martin Luther King arrested

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Kennedy and Johnson 1960’s

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  1. Kennedy and Johnson1960’s Chapter 20

  2. John Fitzgerald Kennedy35th President/election of 1960 • Defeats Richard Nixon – How? • War-hero • 1st televised debate • Kennedy looked good, held his own, • well prepared

  3. African-American vote • Martin Luther King arrested • Eisenhower chose not to intervene • Nixon chose not to respond • JFK called brother, Robert, a lawyer, to see if there was anything he could do to get King out of jail

  4. “Ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country.”

  5. Camelot Years • JFK is young with a good-looking family • Used television to bolster image • Surrounds himself with the “best and brightest” • Appoints his brother Robert as his Attorney General – becomes his most trusted advisor

  6. Military Policy • Didn’t want the threat of nuclear weapons to always be the only option for defense • Strengthens and modernizes the military’s ability to fight a non-nuclear war • called Flexible Response

  7. CUBA • Fidel Castro comes to power from 1956 – 1959 • Declared himself Communist and welcomed any aid and assistance from the Soviet Union • U.S. puts economic sanctions on Cuba after Castro overthrows existing government • Sugar

  8. Bay of PigsApril 17, 1961 • CIA secretly trains Cuban exiles to trigger uprising to overthrow Castro • Set up by Eisenhower, Kennedy approved after taking office • NOTHING went according to plan • 5000 U.S. backed Cuban exiles enter “Bahia de Cochinas” • Air strike failed, CIA said it was successful • Cuban troops outnumbered Cuban exiles Embarrassment to Kennedy administration

  9. Crises in Berlin1961 • June, Khrushchev wanted to close all access roads to West Berlin, Kennedy refused • Berlin Wall - Khrushchev constructs wall of concrete and barbed wire separating democratic West Berlin from communist East Berlin to stop the flow of refugees from fleeing

  10. Cuban Missile Crisis • Summer of 1962, Soviet arms flow into Cuba • October 14, U.S. aerial photographs show nuclear missiles (ready for launching) in Cuba • October 22, Kennedy informs the people and sets up Naval blockade in Atlantic to prevent Soviet ships from sending more missiles

  11. The HOT LINE • In 1963, the United States and the Soviet Union, Kennedy and Khrushchev, established a “hot line” or direct line between the two countries to communicate at once in the event of another crisis. • (Contrary to popular belief, the hot line in the United States is in the Pentagon, not the White House.) "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog's back 1234567890."

  12. Kennedy's New Frontier Domestic Program • Federal funding for education • Medical care for the elderly • Government intervention to halt the recession with tax cuts. • End to racial discrimination. • President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity to end racial discrimination in hiring of govt employees.

  13. March 1, 1961 Peace Corps • Alliance for Peace and Peace Corps to help Third World countries • sending young American volunteers to developing countries

  14. New Frontier impossible to complete • Due to conservative Congress. • Disappointed many civil rights activists = feared splitting Democratic Party. • New Frontier ideas led to President Johnson's "Great Society"

  15. SPACE, the final frontier! • Kennedy promises to put the first man on the moon! “This nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the Earth” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUXuV7XbZvU

  16. Kennedy Assassination

  17. 22 November 1963 • Dallas, Texas http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-LA0ypFXig

  18. Lee Harvey Oswald • Assassinates JFK • Former U.S. marine • Soviet defector • Communist

  19. 24 November 1963 Oswald is murdered on live TV by Jack Ruby http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3n9VQ-dXrwQ

  20. Lyndon B. Johnson • Sworn in as 36th President aboard Air Force One • November 22, 1963

  21. Warren Commission • Due to bizarre chain of events, many wondered if Oswald was part of a conspiracy • Investigation concluded Oswald acted alone • Learned the U.S. system of government is solid • “from the brutal loss of our leader we will derive not weakness but strength.” • --Lyndon B. Johnson

  22. Lyndon B. Johnson • Master politician • Chosen as vice-president because Kennedy needed his political connections

  23. Domestic Agenda • Tax Reduction • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and sex (gender) • Economic Opportunity Act – EOA • Approved $4 billion for youth programs, anti poverty measures, small business loans, and job training • Job Corps Youth Training Program • Volunteers in Service to America – VISTA • Project Head Start • Community Action Programs Know two

  24. Election of 1964 • Democrats – Lyndon B. Johnson • Republicans – Barry Goldwater • Democrats take control of Congress • LBJ promises to keep troops out of Vietnam

  25. Great Society • Johnson’s legislative program that would end poverty and racial injustice • 1964-65 Elementary and Secondary Education Act gave $1 billion in federal aid to public and parochial schools • Education is key to “unlock Great Society” Medicaid – extended healthcare to welfare recipients Medicare –insurance for 65 & older

  26. HUD – Housing and Urban Development • Low rent public housing • Headed by Robert Weaver, 1st African-American cabinet member • Immigration Act of 1965 • Ended quota system • Environment • Water Quality Act of 1965 • Required states to clean up rivers • Clean up attempts • Consumer Protection • Safety laws in labeling of consumer goods • Automobile safety

  27. Supreme Court – Warren Court • Chief Justice Earl Warren • Liberal reform decisions • Banned state-sanctioned prayer in public schools • State required loyalty oaths unconstitutional • Limited power of censoring books and films • Free speech in school • Reapportionment – way in which states redraw election districts

  28. Court decisions • Baker v Carr – “one person, one vote” • Reynolds v Sims – extended “one person, one vote” • Mapp v Ohio – ruled evidence seized illegally could not be used • Gideon v Wainwright – provide free legal counsel to those that cannot afford it • Escobedo v Illinois – right to a lawyer during questioning • Miranda v Arizona – reading of rights before questioning

  29. Impact of Great Society • No president in post-war era extended the power and reach of the federal government • War on poverty initially successful • Tax cut spurred economy but Great Society contributed to budget deficit • By 1966 conservatives take a stand • Ronald Reagan • Vietnam overshadows goals of Great Society

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