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Famous People

This overview highlights pivotal historical figures who shaped political ideologies and social reforms. Martin Luther initiated the Protestant Reformation to reform the Catholic Church. Enlightened thinkers like John Locke advocated for government based on the consent of the governed and natural rights. Leaders such as Louis XIV and Catherine the Great exemplified absolute monarchies, while Napoleon Bonaparte inspired nationalism and legal reforms. Figures like Karl Marx and Adam Smith influenced economic theories, and Nelson Mandela and Bishop Tutu fought against apartheid in South Africa.

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Famous People

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  1. Famous People Regents Review

  2. Martin Luther • Place: Germany • Goal: to reform Roman Catholic Church • Action: posted 95 Thesis, believed in faith alone for salvation • Protestant Reformation shattered religious unity in Europe

  3. John Locke • Enlightened thinker: government by the consent of the people. • Natural rights: humans have unalienable rights. If the government does not protect those rights you can rebel. • Influenced the writing of the US Constitution and the Declaration of Independence • Other enlightened philosophers: Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu: civil liberties

  4. Louis XIV • Country: France • Policies: • Absolute monarch ( divine right) • Persecuted Huguenots (Protestants) • Built Versailles Palace • Pushed France to the verge of bankruptcy • Fought many wars. • French culture becomes the model for the rest of Europe.

  5. Peter the Great • Place: Russia • Position: Czar • Important Policies and events: • Desired to westernize and modernize Russia • Successful in westernization • Desired a warm water port • Oppressive ruler • Builds St. Petersburg

  6. Catherine the Great • Country: Russia • Position: Czarina • Important Events and policies: • Westernization • Defeats the Ottoman Empire and wins a warm water port on the Black Sea • Partitions Poland with Austria and Prussia

  7. Napoleon Bonaparte • Country: France • Policies: • Napoleonic Code: legal code that included many Enlightenment Ideas. • Legal equality and religious toleration • University of France: established a government supervised public school system. • Supported new industry and built roads and canals. • Nationalism: increased French nationalism. Nationalism spread throughout Europe.

  8. Karl Marx • Place: great Britain during the Industrial Revolution • Philosophy: Communism • Class warfare rich abuse the poor • Haves vs the have nots • Peasants (proletariat) needs to overthrow the rich factory owners ( bourgeoisie) • Need to take the means of production • Form a classless society

  9. Adam Smith • Wrote the Wealth of Nations • Advocated Laissez faire economics • Capitalism: private property • Government should leave businesses alone • Natural laws of Economic: supply and demand and competition would spread wealth to everyone. • Invisible hand controlled economy

  10. Supporters of Westernization • Russia: Catherine the Great, Peter the Great • Iran: Shah Rezi Pahlevi • Turkey: Kemal Ataturk • Japan: Emperor Meiji

  11. Otto von Bismarck • Country: Prussia • Position: Chancellor • Policies and important events • Lead unification of Germany • Blood and Iron: unite through warfare • Real Politik • Social Security • Kulterkampf: fight for civilization against Catholic Church

  12. Nelson Mandela • Country: South Africa • Position: leader of the fight against Apartheid and 1st President. • Important Events: Apartheid: separation of the races, pass laws, non violent approach to over throw apartheid

  13. Bishop Tutu • Country: South Africa • Position: leader against Apartheid • Important Events: non violent approach. • Demanded that other countries pass economic sanctions against South Africa • Successful • Wins Noble Peace Prize

  14. Communist Dictators • Totalitarian leaders: Communism: government control of economy(command), “classless” society • Russia/Soviet Union, V.I. Lenin, Stalin: M. Gorbachev, 1917-1990 • China, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping: 1949 • Cuba, Fidel Castro:1959 • Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh: 1975 • Cambodia: Pol Pot • North Korea: Kim Jong Il

  15. Lenin • Country: Russia/Soviet Union • Position: communist revolutionary leader/ supreme leader of Russia • Important events: • Russian Revolution: communists take over Russia • Civil War • NEP: New Economic Policy combined elements of capitalism and communism

  16. Joseph Stalin • Place: Soviet Union • Position: Supreme leader of Soviet Union • Important Events: • 5 year plans: wanted to boost industrial and agricultural production • Purges: eliminate opposition to Stalin • Gulags: slave labor camps • Ukrainian Genocide: 10 million killed or starved to death • World War II

  17. Mikhail Gorbachev • Place: Soviet Union • Position: Supreme leader of Soviet Union • Important Policies and Events: • Glasnost: new openness: freedom of speech and religion • Perestroika: economy plan that combined capitalism and communism • Lead to the breakup of the Soviet Union and the downfall of communism in Eastern Europe.

  18. Jomo Kenyatta • Country: Kenya • Position: nationalist leader/ 1st President • Important Events: uprising to overthrow British colonialism in Kenya. • Leader of the Mau Maus

  19. Kwame Nkrumah • Country: Ghana • Position: nationalist and independence leader; 1st president • Important Events: fought against British control; first African nation to achieve independence from colonial rule

  20. Mao Zedong • Country: China • Position: Communist revolutionary leader; supreme leader of China • Important Events: • Communist Revolution: wins it because of the support of the peasants and women. • Great Leap Forward: program in China in 1958 to increase agricultural production and industrial output. It was a failure. 20-30 million Chinese die • Cultural Revolution: program lunched in China to renew loyalty to communism and purge opponents of Mao. Hurt the Chinese economy

  21. Deng Xiaoping • Country: China • Position: Supreme leader of China • Important Events: • Reform of the economy; mixing elements of capitalism with communism. • The responsibility system, special economic zones • Tiananmen Square Massacre: 1989 students killed and jailed because they protested for democracy

  22. Kemal Ataturk • Country: Turkey after WW I • Important Policies • Overthrew government headed by a Sultan • Westernized Turkey • Secular (non religious) government • industrializes

  23. Mohandas Gandhi • Country: India • Position: Nationalists leader • Important events and policies: • Lead Indian National Congress against British Rule • Salt March: nonviolent protest of tax on salt by British • Homespun Movement: produce own clothes and boycott British goods • Civil disobedience, passive resistance • Gained independence for India

  24. Pol Pot • Country: Cambodia • Position: Communist leader • Important Events and policies: • Lead the Khmer Rouge • Communist leader killed 2 million people • Purged any enemies of communism and sent them to the rural areas. • Genocide

  25. Slobadan Milosevic • Country: Serbia • Position: President • Important Events and Policies: • Ethnic cleansing: of Croatians and Muslims in Bosnia • Ethnic cleansing of ethnic Albanians in Kosovo • On trial for war crimes

  26. Ayatollah Khomeini • Place: Iran • Goal: remove Shah Reza Pahlavi and western influence and replace it with an Islamic Fundementalist state • Set up a Theocracy • Impact: Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979. Government required strict adherence to Islamic law and enacted anti-western policies, held American hostages for over one year, women lost rights

  27. Fidel Castro • Country: Cuba • Leader: Communist leader • Policies and events • Totalitarian Dictator • Lead Communist Revolution • Conflict with US • Cuban Missile Crisis

  28. Women • World Leaders: Indira Gandhi (India), Benazar Bhutto (Pakistan), Golda Meir (Israel), Margaret Thatcher (Great Britain) • Humanitarian Concerns: Mother Tereasa (India), Aung Su (Myanmar), Rigoberta Menchu (Guatamala) • Enlightened thinker: Mary Wollstonecraft

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