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Participles

Participles. All you ever wanted to know… And probably a little bit more. Present participle. This is the – ing form. It refers to an action that is happening AT THE SAME TIME as the main event of the sentence: The laughing girl is singing.

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Participles

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  1. Participles All you ever wanted to know… And probably a little bit more.

  2. Present participle • This is the –ing form. • It refers to an action that is happening AT THE SAME TIME as the main event of the sentence: • The laughing girl is singing. • The slaves hurried through the house lookingfor the amulet.

  3. Looking further • So what does it mean to be a participle? • The laughing girl is singing. • Is laughing an action? • Then it is a type of verb. • Is it describing a person or thing? • Then it is sort of an adjective. • This is why we call participles VERBAL ADJECTIVES.

  4. What does this mean? • Since “laughing” is part action word, part describer, it comes from a verb, but declines like an adjective. • So it is formed from a verb: • Rideo, ridēre, risi, risus – to laugh • And it has nominative, genitive, dative, etc. endings like an adjective.

  5. Putting it all together • What tense is “laughing”? • Present… So we use the PRINCIPAL PARTS associated with the present tense. • Rideo, ridēre, risi, risus • Rideo = I laugh • Ridēre = to laugh • You just take the –re off of the SECOND part. • Ridēre • And add the appropriate adjectival ending.

  6. Cont. • Ridēns • This is the NOMINATIVE form. What does this mean? • Is it singular or plural? • So we would use this form to describe who/what? • One person or thing doing the action. • What if we wanted to describe one possessive person or thing? • Ridēntis • The –nt- lets us know it is a present participle • The –is lets us know it is genitive singular.

  7. Try it.. • What if we wanted to talk about something in the DATIVE case and PLURAL? • Ridēntibus • The ridē- tells us the verb is “laugh,” the “-nt-” tells us it is –ing and the “–ibus” tells us it is DATIVE or ABLATIVE plural. • You try it. • What about the accusative singular? • Ridēntem

  8. Perfect passive participles • Is the action still simultaneous? • When did this action happen? • Since this is in the PAST, we use a different PRINCIPAL PART • Duco, ducere, duxi, ductus– to lead • This is our “go-to” form for perfect participles. • For MOST verbs, this means “having been” • So ductus would mean… • Notice the last two letters of this word. • Where have we seen this ending? • Amicus, servus, dominus, etc. • So we would use the ductus form to describe what gender?What #? What case?

  9. practice • What if we wanted to say “with the girls having been praised..” • Cum puellīs … • Laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatus • Which part? • Laudatus • What case do we need? What gender? What #? • Ablative, feminine, plural • Cum puellīslaudatīs • So do PERFECT participles use the same endings as PRESENT participles? • Perfect = 1st and 2nd declension adjective endings (like BONUS, A, UM) • Present = 3rd declension adjective endings (fortis, fortis)

  10. Perfect *ACTIVE* participles • These make up a SMALL subset of perfect participles. • You can make a list of the ones we’ve seen: • Precatus, a, um • Ingressus, a, um • Locutus, a, um • And so on. • All of these are translated “having _____ed” • Having prayed • Having entered • Having spoken

  11. Remember… • The perfect PASSIVE participles we’ve seen are accompanied by a/ab and an ablative noun. • templum, abarchitectoaedificatum, stat. • The temple, having been built by the architect, stands. • What case is temple? What number? What gender? • Virservum, a venalicioductum, vendit. • the man sells a slave, having been led by the slave-dealer.

  12. Cont. • And the perfect *actives* are only that small group we’ve seen in the vocab list and in our translations. • These are translated “having verbed” NOT “having beenverbed.” • Active = you do it • Passive = it is done to you

  13. Practice – present active, perfect passive, or perfect active? • Laudantibus • Present active • Laudatus • Perfect passive • Regressa • Perfect active • Portantes • Present active • Precatum • Perfect active • Scriptorum • Perfect passive

  14. Some tricky ones… • Remember the genitive plural of 3rd declension nouns and adjectives is a –um. • Regium = of the kings • Amantummatrum = of the loving mothers • Compare this with templumaedificatum • The temple having been built (nom/acc) • How can you tell that amantum is present active and aedificatum is perfect passive? • Notice: amantumversus aedificatum. • Go slowly and watch for the –n- in the middle. • -n- just like English, -ing.

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