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CHAPTET 3

CHAPTET 3. Data Description. Outline :. Introduction. 3-1 Measures of Central Tendency. 3-2 Measures of Variation. 3-3 Measures of Position. 3-4 Exploratory Data Analysis. 3-1 Measures of Central Tendency. Mean, Median, Mode, Midrange, Weighted Mean. A statistic:

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CHAPTET 3

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  1. CHAPTET 3 Data Description

  2. Outline: • Introduction. 3-1 Measures of Central Tendency. 3-2 Measures of Variation. 3-3 Measures of Position. 3-4 Exploratory Data Analysis

  3. 3-1 Measures of Central Tendency. Mean, Median, Mode, Midrange, Weighted Mean.

  4. A statistic: Is a characteristic or measure obtained by using all the data values from asample. • A parameter: Is a characteristic or measure obtained by using all the data values from a specific population.

  5. Measures of Central Tendency The Mean The Mode The Median The Midrange Note: This PowerPoint is only a summary and your main source should be the book.

  6. The Mean

  7. The Mean: • The mean is the sum of the values, divided by the total number of values.

  8. Example 3-1: Days Off per Year The data represent the number of days off per year for a sample of individuals selected from nine different countries. Find the mean. 20, 26, 40, 36, 23, 42, 35, 24, 30 The mean number of days off is 30.7 years.

  9. Example 3-1P(106):Area Boat Registrations. Example 3-1:The data shown represent the number of boat registrations for six counties in southwestern Pennsylvania . Find the mean.3782 , 6367 , 9002 , 4208 , 6843 , 11.008 Find the mean? • Solution: • The mean of the six county boat registrations is 6868.3.

  10. Properties of the Mean • Uses all data values. • Varies less than the median or mode • Used in computing other statistics, such as the variance • Unique, usually not one of the data values • Cannot be used with open-ended classes • Affected by extremely high or low values, called outliers

  11. The Median

  12. The Median: The medianis the midpoint of the data array. where the data array is the ordered of the data set. The symbol of the Median is MD. • The median will be one of the data values if there is an odd number of values. • The median will be the average of wodata values if there is an even number of values.

  13. Steps in computing the median of a data array. Step 1: Arrange the data in order. Step 2: Select the middle point . Note: This PowerPoint is only a summary and your main source should be the book.

  14. Example 3-4: Hotel Rooms The number of rooms in the seven hotels in downtown Pittsburgh is 713, 300, 618, 595, 311, 401, and 292..Find the median? • Sort in ascending order. 292, 300, 311, 401, 596, 618, 713 • Selectthe middle value. MD = 401 The median is 401 rooms.

  15. Example 3-6: Tornadoes in the U.S. The number of tornadoes that have occurred in the United States over an 8-year period follows. Find the median. 684, 764, 656, 702, 856, 1133, 1132, 1303 Find the average of the two middle values. 656, 684, 702, 764, 856, 1132, 1133, 1303 The median number of tornadoes is 810.

  16. *Example 3-8 P(111):Magazines Purchased. • The data is: 1 7 3 2 3 4 Find the median? • Solution:

  17. Properties of the Median • Gives the midpoint • Used when it is necessary to find out whether the data values fall into the upper half or lower half of the distribution. • Can be used for an open-ended distribution. • Affected less than the mean by extremely high or extremely low values.

  18. The Mode Note: This PowerPoint is only a summary and your main source should be the book.

  19. The Mode: • The value that occurs most often in a data set is called the mode. • A data set that has only one mode is said to be unimodal. • A data set that has two mode is said to be bimodal. • A data set that has more than two mode is said to be multimodal. • When no data value occurs more than once, the data set is said to have no mode.

  20. Example 3-9: NFL Signing Bonuses Find the mode of the signing bonuses of eight NFL players for a specific year. The bonuses in millions of dollars are 18.0, 14.0, 34.5, 10, 11.3, 10, 12.4, 10 You may find it easier to sort first. 10, 10, 10, 11.3, 12.4, 14.0, 18.0, 34.5 Select the value that occurs the most. The mode is 10 million dollars.

  21. Example 3-10: Coal Employees in PA Find the mode for the number of coal employees per county for 10 selected counties in southwestern Pennsylvania. 110, 731, 1031, 84, 20, 118, 1162, 1977, 103, 752 No value occurs more than once. There is no mode.

  22. Example 3-11: Licensed Nuclear Reactors The data show the number of licensed nuclear reactors in the United States for a recent 15-year period. Find the mode. 104 104 104 104 104 107 109 109 109 110 109 111 112 111 109 104 and 109 both occur the most. The data set is said to be bimodal. The modes are 104 and 109.

  23. Properties of the Mode • Used when the most typical case is desired • Easiest average to compute • Can be used with nominal data • Not always unique or may not exist

  24. The Midrange Note: This PowerPoint is only a summary and your main source should be the book.

  25. The Midrange: • The midrange is defined as the sum of the lowest and highest values in the data set, divided by 2. • The symbol of midrange is MR.

  26. Example 3-15: Water-Line Breaks In the last two winter seasons, the city of Brownsville, Minnesota, reported these numbers of water-line breaks per month. Find the midrange. 2, 3, 6, 8, 4, 1 The midrange is 4.5.

  27. Properties of the Mode • Used when the most typical case is desired • Easiest average to compute • Can be used with nominal data • Not always unique or may not exist

  28. The Weighted Mean Note: This PowerPoint is only a summary and your main source should be the book.

  29. The weighted mean of a variable x by multiplying each value by its corresponding weight and dividing the sum of the products by the sum of the weights. Where are the weights and are the values. • The type of mean that considers an additional factor is called the weighted mean.

  30. Example 3-17: Grade Point Average A student received the following grades. Find the corresponding GPA. The grade point average is 2.7.

  31. Summary of Measures of Central Tendency.

  32. Properties of the Midrange • Easy to compute. • Gives the midpoint. • Affected by extremely high or low values in a data set

  33. Distribution Shapes Positively skewed Negatively skewed y y Mean Mode x Mode Median Mean x Median > MD> D < MD< D the mean is the largest statistic, while the mode is the smallest the mean is less than the median and they are both less than the mode.

  34. Symmetric distribution Mode Median = MD = D Mean

  35. 3-2 Measures of Variation How Can We Measure Variability? Range Variance Standard Deviation Coefficient of Variation

  36. Measures of Variation: Range • The range is the difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set.

  37. Example 3-18/19: Outdoor Paint Two experimental brands of outdoor paint are tested to see how long each will last before fading. Six cans of each brand constitute a small population. The results (in months) are shown. Find the mean and range of each group.

  38. Example 3-18/19: Outdoor Paint The average for both brands is the same, but the range for Brand A is much greater than the range for Brand B. Which brand would you buy?

  39. Measures of Variation: Variance & Standard Deviation • The variance is the average of the squares of the distance each value is from the mean. • The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. • The standard deviation is a measure of how spread out your data are.

  40. Variance & Standard Deviation (Population Theoretical Model) • The population variance is = • The population standard deviationis

  41. Example 3-21: Outdoor Paint Find the variance and standard deviation for the data set for Brand A paint. 10, 60, 50, 30, 40, 20 -25 25 15 -5 5 -15 625 625 225 25 25 225 35 35 35 35 35 35 1750

  42. Variance & Standard Deviation(Sample Computational Model) • The sample variance is • The sample standard deviation is

  43. Example 3-23: European Auto Sales Find the variance and standard deviation for the amount of European auto sales for a sample of 6 years. The data are in millions of dollars. 11.2, 11.9, 12.0, 12.8, 13.4, 14.3 125.44 141.61 144.00 163.84 179.56 204.49 75.6 958.94

  44. Coefficient of Variation The coefficient of variation is the standard deviation divided by the mean, expressed as a percentage. Use CVAR to compare standard deviations when the units are different.

  45. Example 3-25: Sales of Automobiles The mean of the number of sales of cars over a 3-month period is 87, and the standard deviation is 5. The mean of the commissions is $5225, and the standard deviation is $773. Compare the variations of the two. Commissions are more variable than sales.

  46. The empirical(Normal)Rule • For any bell shaped distribution. • Approximately 68% of the data values will fall within one standard deviation of the mean . • Approximately 95% of the data values will fall within two standard deviation of the mean . • Approximately 99.7% of the data values will fall within three standard deviation of the mean .

  47. For example : • = 480 , S = 90 , approximately 68% = 480 –1(90)= 390 Then the data fall between 570 and 390 = 480 + 1(90)= 570 • = 480 , S = 90 , approximately 95% = 480 - 2(90) = 300 Then the data fall between 660 and 300 = 480 + 2(90) = 660 • = 480 , S = 90 , approximately 99.7% =480 + 3(90) = 750 Then the data fall between 750 and 210 =480 - 3(90) = 210

  48. Exercise: • When a distribution is bell-shaped, approximately what percentage of data values will fall within 1standard deviation of the mean? • Math exam scores have a bell-shaped distribution with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15 . use the empirical rule to find the percentage of students with scores between 70 and 130? • The mean of a distribution is 80 and SD is 7 . If the distribution is normal, the approximately 99.7% of the data will be fall between …….

  49. 3-3 Measure of position Standard score or z score Quartile Outlier

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