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TOPIC 11 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ( orgo )

TOPIC 11 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ( orgo ). AIM: What is organic chemistry? DO NOW: What does organic mean? Review Book pg. 193. What is organic chemistry?. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and its compounds Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds (single, double or triple) (tetrahedral)

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TOPIC 11 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ( orgo )

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  1. TOPIC 11ORGANIC CHEMISTRY(orgo) AIM: What is organic chemistry? DO NOW: What does organic mean? Review Book pg. 193

  2. What is organic chemistry? • Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and its compounds • Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds (single, double or triple) (tetrahedral) • Hydrocarbon – contains only H and C atoms (TABLE Q)

  3. 1. Nonpolar or weakly polar (like dissolves like) - Low mp & bp 2. millions of organic compounds most are biological processes 3. Nonelectrolytes 4. Reaction rates slow 5. Insoluble & immiscible in water PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

  4. HYDROCARBONS Aliphatic (straight chain) Aromatic (closed chain) SATURATED UNSATURATED Benzene C6H6 CnH2n-6 Alkane (single) C-C CnH2n+2 -ane suffix Alkene (double) C=C CnH2n -ene suffix Alkyne (triple) C-C CnH2n-2 -yne suffix HOMOLOGOUS SERIES (for each additional carbon atom there will be 2 additional H atoms – TABLE Q

  5. How can we name hydrocarbons? -IUPAC Names of organic molecules are designed to describe a molecule in terms of: • How many C atoms are in the longest continuous chain – get prefix from Table P • What is attached to the longest continuous chain? (double or triple bond, functional group, branching) Molecular formula: CH4 Structural Formula -

  6. AIM: HOW CAN WE NAME HYDROCARBONS? DO NOWReview Book pg. 197 #1-6

  7. ALKANES SATURATED – ALL SINGLE BONDS

  8. ALKENES UNSATURATED – DOUBLE BOND

  9. ALKYNES UNSATURATED – TRIPLE BOND

  10. AIM: HOW CAN WE NAME SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBONS? DO NOW: Review Book pg. 198 # 7-18

  11. WHAT IS A SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBON? • Hydrocarbons can branch off in the middle (alkyl group) or have atoms other than H bonded to C • Common ones are halo carbons or alkyl halide

  12. HOW CAN WE NAME ORGANIC HYDROCARBON?- IUAP • Find longest continuous C chain (parent chain) and name it using Table P • Add name of any attached side groups • Organic side groups (alkyl groups) – alkanes with one less H (use prefix from table P and change ane – yl • Halide change ending to –o - cholro, bromo etc.

  13. HOW CAN WE NAME ORGANIC HYDROCARBON?- IUAP 3. 4 or more C in a chain indicate which C atom the side group is attached to - count # of C from the end that give you the lowest possible #’s 4. If more than 1 of the same type of group in the chain, indicate which C each group is attached to and how many groups are contained (di, tri, etc.)

  14. HOW CAN WE NAME ORGANIC HYDROCARBON?- IUAP PRACTICE

  15. AIM: What are aromatic compounds? DO NOW: Take out the following assignments:- Review Book pg. 200 #19-28-Review Packet

  16. WHAT IS AN AROMATIC HYDROCARBON? Cyclic hydrocarbons that possess a bonding phenomena called RESONANCE Double bonds don’t break because they are not stations (oscillate or vibrate moving rapidly)

  17. BENZENE is the basis of most aromatic compounds C6H6 • Alternating double bond • H can be replaced WHAT IS AN AROMATIC HYDROCARBON?

  18. Condensed way to represent a structural formula as a molecular formula WHAT IS A COLLAPSED FORMULA?

  19. Do Now: Review Book pg. 200 # 29-31 AIM:What are functional groups and how do we recognize them?

  20. Functional Groups – TABLE R 1.HALIDE – hydrocarbon containing a halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I) 2. ALCOHOLS – 1 or more H is replaced with -OH • To name: (not hydroxide!!!) • Drop “e” from parent compound add –ol • More than 1 hydroxyl – indicate # of C each is attached to and adjust name to reflect # of hydroxyls

  21. Functional Groups – TABLE R 2. Alcohols (OH) End in - ol Monohydroxy 1 - OH Trihydroxy 3 - OH dihydroxy 2 - OH

  22. Functional Groups – TABLE R Box the C that is attached to the OH – how many other C atoms are attached to it 2. Alcohol: MONOhydroxy primary Tertiary secondary Propanol 2-butanol 2-methyl 2- butanol

  23. Functional Groups – TABLE RALCOHOL DIHYDROXY TRIHYDROXY 1,2,3 - propanetriol 1,2 – ethanediol

  24. Organic acids  COOH drawn R- (attached hydrocarbon chain) - Suffix – oic acid - All primary carbons - H on end dissociates in water Ex) Draw the structures of the following methanoic acid (formic acid) Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) Functional Groups – TABLE R

  25. 4. Aldehydes • Parent name suffix –al (carbonyl group on primary carbon • Ex) Draw the following • Methanal (formaldehyde) • Ethanal (acetaldehyde) Functional Groups – TABLE R

  26. Ketones • - Secondary from of aldehyde • Secondary carbonyl group • Parent name suffix – one • Indicate positioning of carbonyl group on lowest # carbon • Ex) Draw the following • Propanone (acetone) Functional Groups – TABLE R

  27. 6. Ester • Parent name suffix - oate • Formed by carboxyl group surrounded by 2 alkyl groups • Odors and flavors of plants, fruits & flowers • Can be synthesized to make artificial flavors and fragrances • Ex) Draw the following • 1. Methyl butanoate Functional Groups – TABLE R

  28. 7. Amine • Formed by a N atom with 3 attached R groups • Suffix –amine • Use # in front of name to indicate position of amine (NH2) group • Ex) Draw the following • 1. 1-butamine Functional Groups – TABLE R

  29. 8. Amide • Primary C • Suffix –amide • Ex) Draw the following • 1- butamide Functional Groups – TABLE R

  30. 9. Ether Ex) Draw the following: 1. Methyl propyl ether Functional Groups – TABLE R

  31. ORGANIC REACTIONS COMBUSTION SUBSTITUTION a. Involves a saturated hydrocarbon b. One of more H gets replaced (substituted) by another atom or group (hint: compare the number of H on the reactant and product side Examples: a. In the presence of excess O2 a hydrocarbon produces CO2 & H2O b. In limited O2 hydrocarbon will produce CO and H2O Examples:

  32. ORGANIC REACTIONS ADDITION ESTERIFICATION a. An organic acid and an alcohol makes an ester and H2O b. Should recognize the acid group and the hydroxyl group in the reactants Hint: Table R to recognize the ester in the products Example: Review Book pg. 207 fig. 11-6 copy a. Involves an unsaturated hydrocarbon Hint: look for 2 reactants and one product Example:

  33. ORGANIC REACTIONS SAPONIFICATION FERMENTATION Glucose yields ethanol and CO2 Example: a. A fat reacts with a base to produce an alcohol (look for glycerol) and soap Example: Copy from Review book pg. 207 fig. 11-17

  34. ORGANIC REACTIONSPOLYMERIZATION:An unsaturated hydrocarbon called a monomer (one unit), bonds itself in long chains creating a polymer(many units) ADDITION CONDENSATION Creation of polymer plus water as a product Several monomers combine to make the polymer nC2H2(C2H2)n

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