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The Shift in American Expansionism: From the 1890s to the Emergence of Empire

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Chapter 21 explores America's transition toward overseas expansion after 1890, emphasizing the strategic acquisition of territory such as Alaska and Hawaii, influenced by both economic interests and a missionary zeal. The chapter details the impact of the Spanish-American War and the complexities of governing newly acquired territories, including debates on annexation and the implications of the Open Door Policy in China. Additionally, it examines the emergence of a strong naval presence, shaped by Alfred Mahan's theories, and the role of African-American soldiers in the conflict.

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The Shift in American Expansionism: From the 1890s to the Emergence of Empire

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  1. TOWARD EMPIRE America: Past and Present Chapter 21

  2. America Looks Outward • U.S. expansion shifts after 1890 • Strategically placed islands taken, intended only as colonies

  3. Catching the Spirit of Empire • 1870s bring new interest in areas beyond U.S. boundaries • Expansion abroad sought to gain markets • Evolutionary ideas encourage expansion to give guidance to native peoples elsewhere • Missionary spirit expressed in Josiah Strong's popular Our Country (1885)

  4. Foreign Policy Approaches: 1867-1900 • Expansionist foreign policy • Acquisitions: Alaska, Midway Islands • Erode European influence in Latin America • U.S. supports Venezuela against Great Britain • Diverts Latin American trade from Europe through a series of reciprocity treaties

  5. The Lure of Hawaii and Samoa • 1875--U.S. grants Hawaiian sugar free entry • Queen Liliuokalani retaliates for McKinley Tariff, attempts to reduce U.S. influence • 1893--American settlers pull off coup • 1898--Hawaii made U.S. possession • 1872--U.S. granted port facilities in Samoa • 1899--U.S. shares control with Germany

  6. The New Navy • Alfred Mahan argues that overseas markets are essential for industrial surpluses • Large merchant marine, strong navy needed • 1889--Secretary of Navy Benjamin Tracy supervises a program of naval construction • U.S. gains offensive capability at sea

  7. A War for Principle • February, 1895--rebellion in Cuba • "Yellow press" whips up U.S. sentiment to favor Cuban independence • McKinley gains Spanish concessions • February, 1898--explosion of the Maine • April 19--Congress declares Cuba independent, passes "Teller Amendment" • April 25--U.S. declares war on Spain

  8. "A Splendid Little War" • U.S. regular army small, ill-prepared • Problems of equipment and supply • Regulars possess latest Krag-Jorgensen rifles • Guard units possess old Springfield rifles • Most soldiers fight in National Guard units

  9. “Smoked Yankees” • African-Americans serve in army Guard units • Black troops resist segregation • African-American soldiers win 26 Certificates of Merit, 5 Congressional Medals of Honor

  10. The Course of the War • War lasts ten weeks • May 1--Commodore George Dewey captures Manila Bay • June--Cuba invaded • July--Santiago surrenders, Puerto Rico occupied • August 13--Philippines surrender

  11. Debate over Empire • December 1898--Treaty of Paris • Cuba independent • U.S. takes Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines • Debate over annexation of the Philippines • February, 1899--ratification of peace treaty makes U.S. a colonizing nation

  12. Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines • 1898-1901--Emilio Aguinaldo leads Philippine independence movement • 1901--U.S. replaces military with civil rule • Local self-government permitted • Schedule established for independence • July 4, 1946--Philippine independence

  13. Governing the Empire • Supreme Court permits selective application of Constitution to new territories • Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico organized as territories, inhabitants made U.S. citizens • Navy controls Guam • Cuban constitution ends U.S. occupation • Platt Amendment--U.S. given right to intervene in Cuban affairs

  14. The Open Door • March, 1900--"Open Door" policy in China • No European nation should carve out a sphere of influence in China and exclude others from trading in the area • Policy opens the potential for later conflict with expansion-minded powers in Pacific

  15. Results ofSpanish-American War • Teddy Roosevelt a war hero • Reunites North and South • Confirms Republicans as majority party • U.S. soldiers stationed outside the country

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