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American Empire: The Rise and Expansion Beyond North America

Explore the shift in U.S. expansion after 1890, from defeating Plains Indians to acquiring strategic islands and territories, driven by economic interests, missionary ideals, and the lure of becoming a world power. Witness the foreign policy approaches, conflicts, and acquisition of territories like Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Dive into the Spanish-American War, the Treaty of Paris, and the challenges of governing a growing empire, including the Philippines. Analyze the impacts of the American quest for empire and the evolving global landscape post-1900.

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American Empire: The Rise and Expansion Beyond North America

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  1. Toward an American Empire

  2. The U.S. Looks Outward, Beyond North America • U.S. expansion shifts after 1890 & the defeat of the Plains Indians • Strategically placed islands taken, initially intended as colonies

  3. Catching the Spirit of Empire • Domestic concerns dominated the post-Civil War years • But the1870s brought new interest in areas beyond U.S. boundaries

  4. Reasons for Expansion • Expansion abroad sought to gain markets • Evolutionary ideas encouraged expansion to give “guidance” to native peoples elsewhere • Missionary spirit (see Josiah Strong's popular Our Country, published in 1885)

  5. Foreign Policy Approaches: 1867-1900 • Expansionist foreign policy • Acquisitions: Alaska, Midway Islands • Efforts to erode European influence in Latin America • Diversion of Latin American trade from Europe through a series of reciprocity treaties • U.S. support of Venezuela against Great Britain

  6. The Lure of Hawaii and Samoa • 1875--U.S. allows free importation of Hawaiian sugar • Queen Liliuokalani retaliates for McKinley Tariff, attempts to reduce U.S. influence • 1893--American settlers pull off coup • 1898--Hawaii made U.S. possession • 1872--U.S. granted port facilities in Samoa • 1899--U.S. shares control with Germany

  7. Hawaiian & Samoan Islands

  8. The New Navy • Alfred Mahan argues that overseas markets are essential for industrial surpluses • Large merchant marine, strong navy needed • 1889--Secretary of Navy Benjamin Tracy supervises a program of naval construction  CARNEGIE’S INVOLVEMENT • U.S. gains offensive capability at sea

  9. War with Spain • The war increased overseas possessions • It also gained the U.S. recognition as a “world power” • Many more Americans became convinced they had a special destiny

  10. For Some, A War for Principle • February, 1895--rebellion in Cuba • "Yellow press" whips up U.S. sentiment to favor Cuban independence • McKinley gains Spanish concessions • February, 1898--explosion of the Maine • April 19--Congress declares Cuba independent • April 25--U.S. declares war on Spain

  11. "A Splendid Little War" • U.S. regular army small, ill-prepared • Problems of equipment and supply • Most soldiers fight in National Guard units

  12. Race & the War • African Americans serve in army Guard units • Black troops resist segregation • African American soldiers win 26 Certificates of Merit, 5 Congressional Medals of Honor • Overt racism in Philippines

  13. The Course of the War • May 1--Commodore George Dewey captures Manila Bay • June--Cuba invaded • July--Puerto Rico occupied • August 13--Philippines surrender

  14. Spanish-American War: Pacific Theater

  15. Spanish-American War: Caribbean Theater

  16. Acquisition of Empire • Fate of the Philippines was the thorniest issue at the peace negotiations • December 1898--Treaty of Paris • Cuba independent • U.S. takes Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

  17. The Treaty of Paris • Debate over annexation of the Philippines • Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist League • February, 1899--ratification of peace treaty makes U.S. a colonizing nation

  18. American Empire, 1900

  19. Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines • 1898-1901--Emilio Aguinaldo leads Philippine independence movement • “Water Treatment” • 1901--U.S. replaces military with civil rule • local self-government permitted • schedule established for independence • July 4, 1946--Philippine independence

  20. World Colonial Empires, 1900

  21. Governing the U.S. Empire • Supreme Court permits selective application of Constitution to new territories • Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico organized as territories, inhabitants made U.S. citizens • Navy controls Guam • Cuban constitution ends U.S. occupation, but: • Platt Amendment gives U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs

  22. The Open Door • March, 1900--"Open Door" policy in China • no European nation should carve out a sphere of influence in China and exclude others from trading in the area • Policy opens the potential for later conflict with expansion-minded powers in Pacific

  23. Outcome of the War with Spain • Teddy Roosevelt a war hero • Re-establishes Republicans as majority party • U.S. soldiers stationed outside the country

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