Ruling the American Empire

1. Ruling the American Empire

2. Treaty brings out pro/anti-imperialists • PRO: Republican Party, Alfred Beveridge, Teddy Roosevelt, Alfred T. Mahan • ANTI: Democratic Party, Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, Jane Addams, W.J. Bryan, Samuel Gompers Treaty of Paris

3. What now? • Does the Constitution follow the flag? • Over 20 yrs, 35 SC cases on issues of governing territory • Incorporated territory = destined for statehood • Think Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Unincorporated territory = not destined for statehood • Could be US citizen, but denied rights- Congress must decide • Take away? • SC’s interpretation of Const. can be influenced by politics of time, racial prejudice, economic issues (trade, coal, tariffs) The Insular Cases

4. The Philippine Question

5. Emilio Aguinaldo & the Spanish American War • Treaty of Paris • Why not independence? new market, proximity to Asia, Xnty • Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation • Policy of Taft = Gov. of Philippines, policy of attraction • Feb., 1899 - July, 1902- EA vs. US • Guerilla tactics, weapons  “total-war” • Gen. • US saw as suppressing insurrection • Zones of protection (civilians vs. guerillas) Revolt vs. the U.S.

6. US have. . . “come, not as invaders or conquerors, but as friends, to protect the natives in their homes, in their employment, and in their personal and religious rights.” US wants to. . . “win the confidence, respect, and affection of the inhabitants of the Philippines by assuring them in every possible way that full measure of individual rights and liberties which is the heritage of free peoples, and by proving to them that the mission of the United States is one of benevolent assimilation substituting the mild sway of justice and right for arbitrary rule.” BAP

7. "My government cannot remain indifferent in view of such a violent and aggressive seizure of a portion of its territory by a nation which arrogated to itself the title of champion of oppressed nations. Thus it is that my government is disposed to open hostilities if the American troops attempt to take forcible possession of the Visayan islands. I denounce these acts before the world, in order that the conscience of mankind may pronounce its infallible verdict as to who are true oppressors of nations and the tormentors of mankind." Response of EA

8. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKOKgQ6LlNQ • 1902- Philippine Gov. Act • Territory of US, citizens of Philippines, Governor, promise of Filipino assembly, support for self-government • 1906- Moros defeated • Refused to follow  US military “submit or die” • 1916- Jones Act • Promise of independence • 1934- Tydings-McDuffy Act • 10 years  Philippine self-government, Filipino indep. From US • 1946- formally re cognized as independent

9. 200k US troops, 5k dead • 200k civilians dead • Malaria, cholera, food shortages • 16k-20k Filipino soldiers dead By the numbers

10. Foreign policy in china

11. China weakened • Opportunity? Missionaries & Manufactures • Competition- “spheres of influence” • Russia, England, France, Germany, Japan • US fear tariff barriers  Open Door Note • John Hay (SOS), ‘99: proposal to keep China open to trade w/ all countries on = basis • “All” accepted the policy Hay’s Open Door Policy

12. 1900- Chinese resentment towards foreigners • Chinese nationalist group = “Boxers” rebel vs. “foreign devils” • Embassies surrounded in Beijing combined military response by GB, Germ, Rus, Japan, US (18k) • 200 missionaries & whites killed • Hay reissue note (1900) doesn’t want China broken up: expanded to include territorial/admin. integrity • Boxer Protocol- terms were indemnity, so $$ over territory Boxer Rebellion

13. Feb. 1904- Russo-Japanese War • Japan sought out TR (President) to negotiate peace • Treaty of Portsmouth (NH, 1905)  Nobel Peace Prize • 1906/1907- Gentlemen’s Agreement • Yellow Peril spread in US  segregation of Asian students from white students in San Francisco • Japan demand change  TR have school integrate • Japan must limit passports for those headed to US Asian Diplomacy, con.

14. 1908- Root-Takahira Treaty • Restatement of “open door” • Respect possessions of US/Japan • Equal opportunity for trade in China Asian Diplomacy, con.

15. Elections during the Age of Expansion McKinley, Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson

16. 1900- McKinley v. Bryan • War won, gold standard set, economy rising, empire built! • Bryan makes imperialism major issue, silver, tariffs • TR = Gov. of NY • Bosses dislike, so scheme to get him on ticket & out of the way (Kick him upstairs) • Sep. 1901- McKinley @ Pan American Expo (Buffalo) • Shot by anarchist (Leon Czolgosz)  death • “Now look, that damned cowboy is President of the United States!” –Mark Hanna

17. Enter Teddy

18. Who is he? • NY $$, Harvard grad, well traveled, cowboy, boxer, hunter, reader, tennis player (Tennis Cabinet) • Experienced in policy • Civil Service Commissioner, Police Commissioner, Asst. Sec. of Navy, Gov. • Reform minded a Progressive • Break political machines, gov. intervention in economy • Fed. Gov should intervene when states fail • “Bully Pulpit” • Way to preach “fist-smacking sermons” on honesty, civic duty, hard work- especially to Congress!

19. A man of action: “Speak softly and a carry a big stick (and) you will go far.” • Negotiate peace/compromise while also using threat of military Big Stick Policy

20. A way to maintain control over empire • Heavily involved in Caribbean, USS Oregon (SAW) • Colombia owned Panama In Pursuit of the Panama Canal

21. 1850- Clayton-Bulwer Treaty = US + GB • 1881-1889- French attempt. . . FAILED • $300 m., 20k dead • Willing to sell rights to build to US • 1901- Hay-Pauncefote Treaty  eliminated GB • Where to build… Nicaragua or Panama? • Volcanic eruption (Mt. Pelee- 1902)  Panama • 1903- Hay-Herron Treaty = US, Columbia, Panama • Canal Zone- 6 mi. wide • $10k down, $250k/year • Colombia REJECTS The Treaties

22. Increase desire of Panamanians to revolt • Opportunity for influence • Philippe Bunau-Varilla (rep of Fr. Canal company) + TR + John Hay • Nov. 2: USS Nashville sent to Panama • Nov. 3: 500+ Panamanians launch revolution vs. Columbia, declare independence! • Colombian troops blocked- jungle by land, US ships on sea lanes Revolution

23. Nov. 4: Rebel leader declares Panamanians victorious • Nov. 6: TR recognizes Panama as independent • Nov. 18- TR & Bunau-Varilla (ambassador) signed treaty • 6-10 mi. canal zone, $10 m. down, $250k/year, perpetual use by us • = Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/tr-panama/

24. The Roosevelt Corollary

25. Excuse for intervention is to forcibly collect debts • DR, Venezuela chronically default • 1903- Germany send gunboats to V. • 1904: Roosevelt Corollary to the MD • Since no Euros can intervene, US justified in stepping in first to protect from actions of outsiders • US = international policy power w/in sphere of influence • 1902/1907: Drago Doctrine given the OK • No foreign power can use force vs. (Latin) American nation to collect debt • Roosevelt Corollary excludes the US from “foreign power”

26. Policy of Taft and Wilson • Encourage banks, investors to put $ into markets where US has strategic interest • Increase US influence abroad, better economy for US & trade partners (good foreign relations), counter dominance of Euro. • Seen as way for big business to make $$ • Use w/ RC to MD  apply policies to encourage US investments over European Dollar Diplomacy

27. Commonwealth • A territory of US, people have: full citizenship, immigration rights, no income tax, no formal representation in Congress, involuntary assoc. w/ US • Protectorate • An area of land under protection of the US: no citizenship granted, free port access, no duties, no income tax • Territory • An area of land owned by mother country: follow laws passed as land ordinances What’s the Difference?