Ruling an Empire

1. Ruling an Empire • Dividing the Empire • The Romans divided the empire into provinces. • The provinces were territories or areas of land outside of Rome that Rome conquered. • Each province was very valuable providing manpower, taxes, food, as well as acting as a barrier between Rome and the barbarians. • Governing the Provinces • Romans DID NOT force their way of life on conquered people, and only some became slaves. • Local rulers ran the daily affairs of the government. • Many of the conquered people adopted Roman culture.

2. Ruling an Empire • The 5 Good Emperors • Augustus (Octavian) died in 14 A.D. • For the next 82 years the Romans had a mix of good, bad, and terrible emperors. • In 96 A.D. entered the age of the 5 Good Emperors • ONLY 1 of the 5 had a son, each of the others adopted the BEST young man he could find to be the next emperor. • The 5 worked to build the government, create laws to protect women, children, and slaves, and issued a code of laws, so that all laws were the same throughout the empire.

3. Roman Empire

4. Greek Influence on Rome • Romans Admired Greek Culture & Achievements • Many Romans visited Greece to study Greek art, architecture, and ideas about government. • Religion • Greek religion influenced Roman religion • Romans practiced polytheism & offered prayers and sacrifices to their gods. • Romans adopted heroes from Greek mythology. • Greek Heracles = Roman Hercules

5. Roman Art • Around 200 B. C., the Romans conquered the Greeks and began copying their art style. During their conquest of Greece, the Romans looted the towns. They brought the art home. • 4 Types of Roman Art • Sculpture, Painting (frescoes), Mosaics, & Architecture • The Romans were far more realistic than the Greeks with their statues. The Greeks tried to build statues to illustrate the "ideal" person. • Romans made statues and portraits too. Statues were life-like and of gods, goddesses, emperors, and important people.

6. Roman Sculptures • 2 Styles: • Portrait Sculpture & History Reliefs

7. Roman Art • Frescoes, painting on plaster became popular during the first century A. D. The paintings were painted on a specially prepared wall with three layers of plaster and three layers of a special coating. • Colors were applied to the top layer while it was wet. This made the fresco durable and able to hold up well over a long period of time.

8. Roman Art • Mosaics • The art of creating images with small pieces of decorated glass, stone, tile, or other materials. • The floors of Roman buildings were often decorated is mosaics that portrayed visuals scenes of history and everyday life.

9. Roman Pottery • Roman pottery began with Etruscan-style pottery, but soon developed a tradition of its own. • In general, pottery in Italy tended to be made in one color, and the decorations were molded into the clay rather than painted.

10. Architecture & Technology • The Roman Style • The Romans made advances in the use of the arch • Used to build large and heavy structures with wide arched ceilings to create large open spaces inside the structures. • Romans developed a new material = concrete • Concrete was a mix of stone, sand, cement, and water. • Effect = Romans built the tallest buildings in the world.

11. Roman Architecture

12. Architecture & Technology • The Colosseum • Constructed from 72 A.D. – 80 A.D. • Built of concrete, marble, and limestone • The structure held 50,000 spectators. • Used as a place of entertainment, where spectators would watch chariot racing, gladiatorial contests, mock sea battles, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on mythology. • The Colosseum is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and engineering. • Video Clip • Video Clip

13. The Colosseum

14. The Colosseum

15. The Colosseum

16. Colosseum vs. Stadiums The Roman Colosseum Three Rivers Stadium

17. Architecture & Technology • Pantheon • Rebuilt in 126 A.D. • The Pantheon was a temple first built in the very early days of the Roman Empire. • It was dedicated to all the Roman gods. • The Romans used concrete to build the dome of the Pantheon, which even today is still one of the largest single-span domes in the world.

18. Pantheon Pantheon - Interior View Pantheon - Front View

19. Pantheon Pantheon – Interior View Pantheon – Northwest Side View

20. Architecture & Technology • Roads • Roman engineers built roads from Rome to each part of the Roman empire and all roads led directly to Rome. • The Romans were the first ancient civilization to build paved roads, which did not prevent travel during or after bad weather. • Effect = allowed Roman military to maintain firm control of the empire by traveling quickly to all areas of the empire. • The roads were also used for trade and connecting the parts of the Roman Empire to itself and the rest of the known world. • Video Clip • Video Clip

21. Roman Paved Road

22. Roman Road Network Rome

23. Architecture & Technology • Aqueducts • Romans are famous for the system of aqueducts • Aqueducts – system of structures that carried water over a long distance. • The aqueducts were huge lines of arches with a channel along the top that carried water from the countryside to the cities. • Effect = Romans in the city had fresh drinking and washing water. • These were called aqueducts, from the Latin word for water (aqua) and the Latin word for channel (ductus).

24. Roman Aqueducts

25. Roman Aqueducts

26. Architecture & Technology • Public Baths • Roman people usually didn't have hot baths in their houses, because it was too hard to heat up the water. • Public baths were something like our community centers today, or like a health club. They had swimming pools fed by aqueducts, hot tubs, exercise equipment, and often gardens, libraries, and theaters. • Roman baths were made to be really impressive, beautiful buildings with vaulted ceilings, walls decorated with marble and frescoes, and mosaic floors. Bath Ceiling Mosaic Floor

27. Roman Baths

28. The Forum • The Forum was the main marketplace and business center, where the ancient Romans went to do their banking, trading, shopping, and marketing. It was also a place for public speaking.  • People crowding the Forum would stop and listen, then wander away to do their shopping, and perhaps leave a gift at a temple for one of their gods. • The Forum was also used for festivals and religious ceremonies. • Video Clip

29. The Forum

30. The Forum

31. Roman Law • “What sort of thing is the law? It is the kind that cannot be bent by influence, or broken by power, or spoiled by money.” • Roman Senator Cicero • Roman Law: • No one suffers a penalty for what he thinks. No one may be forcibly removed from his own house. The burden of proof is upon the person who accuses. In inflicting penalties, the age and inexperience of the guilty party must be taken into account. • Roman ideas of justice are basic to the U.S. system of laws • Person accused of crimes has the right to face their accusers. • If reasonable doubt exists about a persons guilt, that person should be considered innocent.

32. Daily Life in Rome • Being Counted as a Citizen • In the early Roman Republic, only residents of Rome were granted citizenship. • Every 5 years, Roman men registered for the census • Census - An official count or survey of a population; typically recording various details of individuals. • http://www.census.gov/ • Registering for the census was the ONLY way to claim citizenship. • Roman men declared their families, slaves, and wealth. • If a man did not register, he could lose his property or be sold into slavery. • Women, slaves, and freed slaves were NOT citizens. • 3 Main Social Classes in Rome = Rich, Poor, & Slaves

33. Women in Rome • Freedom • The amount of freedom a women had depended on the wealth and status of her father or husband. • Some women shaped roles for themselves outside the family. • Doctors & medicine • Business • Owned ships • Lower-class women took on various kinds of work. • Cooks, dress-makers, hairdressers, and shoemaking • Dancers, singers, and actors

34. Women in Rome • Women citizens could not vote or take part in the government although they were protected by Roman laws. • Women could discuss matters with their husbands and attempt to influence their decisions. • A Woman’s guardian, her husband or father, had complete control over her activities. In most families, women could shop, visit a temple, or chat in public. But she could not participate in government. • Under the Roman Empire, it became legal for women to own land, run businesses, free slaves, make wills, inherit wealth, and have a job.

35. Slavery in Rome • Slavery was very common in Rome. Most wealthy families owned slaves, and even some poor families owned slaves. • Most families took good care of their slaves, but slaves were at the mercy of the owners and could be beaten or tortured. • Slaves which were war captives, were owned by citizens and had no rights. • Types of Slaves • Household slaves • Farming slaves • Mining slaves • Copper, tin, and iron mines • Gladiators & chariot racers • Warship slaves

36. The Fall of Rome • Rome had quite a run. First a monarchy, then a republic, then an empire – all roads led to Rome for over 1200 years. • In the Mediterranean, Rome was in charge. During the reign of power, Rome had some extraordinary leaders, but also suffered from a series of bad, corrupt, lazy, and crazy Consuls and emperors. • There were several of reasons why Rome fell. 

37. The Fall of Rome • Reasons for the Fall of Rome: • The empire was too large to govern effectively. • The army was not what it used to be. There was corruption in the military - dishonest generals and non-Roman soldiers. • Disputes broke out between different political groups. • Emperors were often selected by violence, or by birth, as a result the head of government was not always a capable leader. • The increased use of slaves put many Romans out of work. • The rich became lazy and showed little interest in trying to solve Rome problems. • The poor were overtaxed and overworked.

38. The Fall of Rome • Reasons for the Fall of Rome: (cont.) • Prices increased & trade decreased. • The population was shrinking due to starvation and disease. That made it difficult to manage farms and government effectively. • The Empire starting shrinking. The Huns, Visigoths, Franks, Vandals, Saxons and other barbarian tribes overran the empire. • In 293, Diocletian (Roman emperor) divided the Empire into an eastern and western half. • The Western Roman Empire (Europe/North Africa) included the city of Rome. • The Eastern Roman Empire (Turkey/parts of Asia) included the city of Byzantium. • Video Clip • Video Clip