CE 548 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loading

1. CE 548 Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loading

2. Overview • Determining ww Flowrates and mass loadings is a fundamental step in the conceptual process design of wastewater treatment facilities. • Flowrates  sizing of different treatment system components • Loading  to determine capacity and operational characteristics of treatment facilities and ancillary equipment.

3. Components of Wastewater Flows • Components: • Domestic  discharge from  residential, commercial, and institutional facilities. • Industrial • Infiltration/inflow (I/I) • Types of sewer systems • Sanitary Sewer  carries domestic, industrial, and infiltration/inflow • Storm Sewer  carries storm water • Combined Sewer  both

4. Wastewater sources and flow rates Data that can be used to estimate average wastewater flowrates from various domestic, industrial, and I/I are presented here.  • Domestic Wastewater Sources and Flow rates: • Residential Areas : Table 3-1 • Commercial Districts: Generally expressed in gal/acre.d (m3/ha.d) range form 800 – 1500 gal/acre.d (Table 3-2) • Institutional facilities Table 3-3 • Recreational (highly seasonal) facilities Table 3-4 • Industrial Wastewater Sources and Flow rates: Range: • 1000 –1500 gal/acre.d light industrial development • 1500–3000 gal/acre.d medium industrial development • 85-95% of water use  industries without internal water reuse • For large industries separate estimates must be made.

5. Wastewater sources and flow rates • Infiltration/Inflow (I/I) • Infiltration  defective pipes ----etc. • Steady inflow  from cellar and foundation drains, etc. • Direct inflow  from direct storm water runoff connections to sanitary sewer  possible source are roof leaders, yard drains, manhole covers. • Total inflow  direct + upstream flow (overflows/pumping stations bypasses) • Delayed inflow  storm water that requires several days to drain through manholes, etc….. • Infiltration flowrate: • The amount of water that can enter a sewer from groundwater (or infiltration) ranges from 100 - 10,000 gal/d. in-mi . • Or 20 – 3000 gal/acre.d. (Example 3-2)

7. Statistical Analysis of flowrates, constituent concentrations, and mass loadings • Statistical analysis involves the determination of statistical parameters used to quantify a series of measurements. • Important in developing wastewater management systems • Common statistical parameters: • In normal distribution, data is described using: mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. Table 3-10 • In skewed distribution, data is described using log of the value of the normal distribution (geometric). Table 3-10 • Graphical analysis of data: • Used to determine the nature of distribution: plotting data on both arithmetic and log-probability papers. Examples 3-4 and 3-5

8. Analysis of flowrate data Because the hydraulic design of both collection and treatment facilities is affected by variation in wastewater flowrates, it is important that the flowrate characteristics be carefully analyzed. • Definition of terms: (Table 3-11) • Variations in wastewater flowrates. • Short term variations: (Figure 3-4). • Seasonal variations. • Industrial variations. • Wastewater flowrate factors: • Maximum flows are determined by peaking factor (PF).

9. Analysis of constituent mass loading • BOD and TSS mass loadings can vary up to two or three times the average conditions. • Design of wastewater treatment processes should consider peak conditions. • Quantities of waste discharged: (Table 3-12) • Typical BOD5 (not including kitchen waste) is .18 Ib/cap.d. • Example: • Given: a town of 125,000 population. Estimate the BOD5 loading of the raw wastewater • BOD5 = .18 x 125,000 cap= 22,500 lb/day

10. Analysis of constituent mass loading • Composition of Wastewater in Collection Systems. • T3-15, p. 186. The values are based on 120 ,which is the suggested EPA flow. • Example: The average flow is 120 and the average BOD5 is 190 mg/l. What is the BOD5 loading in • = Conc. (mg/l) x 8.34 x Q(MGD) • = 190 x 8.34 x 120 x • = .19 which aggress with value stated in T3-12, p.182.

11. Analysis of constituent mass loading • Short term variation in constituent values. • Figure 3-6: Typical hourly variations in flow and strength of wastewater. • Variations in industrial wastewater. • Composition is highly variable depending on industry type. • Concentrations (BOD, TSS) vary significantly throughout the day. • Pre-treatment may be required before discharge to municipal sewer.

12. Design flowrates and mass loadings • Average daily flow • It is the average flow occurring over a 24-hour period under dry weather conditions. • used in evaluating plant capacity, estimating pumping and chemical cost, sludge production, organic loading rates • Maximum daily flow • It is the maximum flow on a typical dry weather diurnal flow curve. • used for the design of facilities involving retention time, such as: • Equalization basins and Chlorine Contact Tanks • Minimum daily flow • It is the minimum flow on a typical dry weather diurnal flow curve. • used in sizing of conduits for minimum deposition

13. Design flowrates and mass loadings • Peak hourly flow • The peak hourly flow occurs during or after precipitation and includes a substantial amount of I/I. • used for the design of • Collection and interceptor sewers • Pumping stations • Flow meters, grit chambers, conduits, channels in plant  • Peak Flowrate Factors may be projected using Figure 3-13, p.202. • Minimum hourly flow • It is the lowest flow on a typical dry weather diurnal flow curve. • used in sizing wastewater flowmeters, wastewater pumping

14. Design flowrates and mass loadings • Mass loading: • Table 3-20 • Important in the design of treatment facilities such as: • Sizing aeration tanks. • Biosolids processing facilities (Biosolids produced are directly related to BOD mass loading) • Oxygen requirements are affected by mass loading