Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records: FRBR and Millennium

1. Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records: FRBR and Millennium Claudia Conrad Product Manager

2. FRBR • “Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records” • Pronounced “fur-bur” or “eff are bee are” • Outcome of an IFLA study, approved in 1997 • Study’s aim was to “produce a framework that would provide a clear, precisely stated, and commonly shared understanding of what it is that the bibliographic record aims to provide information about, and what it is that we expect the record to achieve in terms of answering user needs” • http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.pdf (or Google: frbr +ifla)

3. FRBR is… • A “conceptual model” • Intended to relate the attributes and relationships of bibliographic records in respect to the tasks that users perform • An attempt to recommend a set of minimum data requirements that would provide a basic level of functionality based on user needs

4. FRBR is not… • A standard • Intended to replace AACR2 • An alternative to MARC21 or any other MARC format

5. Basic User Tasks • Find materials using search criteria • Identify an entity as being the desired object • Select an entity that is appropriate to their needs • Obtain the entity (or access to it)

6. FRBR Entities • Group 1 (WEMI): what is described by the record • Work - distinct intellectual or artistic creation (e.g., Shakespeare’s Hamlet) • Expression - intellectual or artistic realization of a work (e.g., video recording of a performance or an English language text version of Shakespeare’s Hamlet) • Manifestation - physical embodiment of an expression of a work (e.g., the video recording of a performance of Shakespeare’s Hamlet released by Columbia Pictures in 1997) • Item - single exemplar of a manifestation (the physical piece with a barcode attached to it) • Group 2:who is responsible for the creation, production, etc. of the entity (individuals and corporate bodies) • Group 3: the subjects of the entity (concept, object, event, and place)

7. Group 1 Entities • Nature of the entities • The intellectual or artistic content are reflected in the work and expression • The physical form is defined in the manifestation and item • Relationship between entities • A work may be realized through one or more than one expression • An expression is the realization of one and only one work • An expression may be embodied in one or more than one manifestation; likewise a manifestation may embody one or more than one expression • A manifestation, in turn, may be exemplified by one or more than one item

8. Expression Manifestation Manifestation Item Item Item Group 1 Relationships Work Realized through Expression Embodied in Manifestation Exemplified by Item

9. Group 2 & 3 Entities • FRANAR (FRAR?): Functional Requirements and Numbering of Authority Records • Group 2 • Authority records for names (persons, families, corporate bodies), titles and name-titles • Group 3 • Authority records for subjects (concept, object, event, place)

10. Possible Approaches • Split bibliographic records into 3 separate records (work record, expression record, manifestation record) • Not defined by MARC standard • Implications for record loading and output • Whole new way of thinking for cataloging staff? • Add data to existing records to define which the data comprising Group 1 entities (work, expression) • Not defined by MARC standard • Less disruptive to cataloging staff?

11. Innovative Solution • Automatically build “keys” that define the group one entities appropriate to a bibliographic record • Web OPAC will provide FRBR access via keys • Millennium will automatically create keys in bib records • Using OCLC’s FRBR Work-Set Algorithm as a starting point http://www.oclc.org/research/software/frbr/ • Future development may include a more complex linked records approach

12. Group 1 Key Work • Author: 100, 110 or 111 (author subfields only) • Title: 130, 240, 243 or 245 (title subfields only) • Date of work: 130, 240, 243 or 245 (subfields d, f) • Form of work: 130, 240, 243 or 245 (subfield k) • Other distinguishing characteristics: 130, 240 or 243 (subfield s) • Medium of performance: 130, 240 or 243 (subfield m) • Key for music: 130 or 240 or 243 subfield r   • Coordinates: 255 subfield c Keys also built for analytical entries Some elements may be blank

13. Group 1 Key, continued Expression 1-8. Work key • Form of expression: leader byte 06 • Language of expression: 130, 240 or 243 subfield l or 008/35-37 • Other distinguishing characteristic: 130 or 240 or 243 subfield o, or 245 subfield s • Type of score: 254 subfield a • Scale: 255 subfield a

14. What about the Manifestation? • A key is not built: the balance of the record is considered to be manifestation data

15. What about the Manifestation? • A key is not built: the balance of the record is considered to be manifestation data What about Items? • The items are still stored as attached records

16. Highly “FRBR-izable” • Popular fiction • Classic literature • Music • Things with a uniform title • Studies show 15-20% of bib records in library catalogs are FRBR-izable

17. Example Keys LEADER #####ncm 22##### a 4500 008 840417s1981 nyuopc n eng 100 1 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus,|d1756-1791. 240 10 Zauberflöte 245 14 The magic flute =|bDie Zauberflöte : an opera in two acts /|cmusic by W.A. Mozart ; the original text by Emanuel Schikaneder and Carl Ludwig Giesecke ; English translation by Earl Snow. • Work Key:mozartwolfgangamadeus17561791|zauberflote||||||| • Expression Key:mozartwolfgangamadeus17561791|zauberflote|||||||c|eng|

18. Example Keys LEADER #####njm 22#####I 4500 008 790525s1965 gw opnn dh n 0 germ 100 10 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus,|d1756-1791 240 10 Zauberflöte.|lGerman 245 14 Die Zauberflöte;|bOper in zwei Aufzügen Work Key: mozartwolfgangamadeus17561791|zauberflote||||||| Expression Key:mozartwolfgangamadeus17561791|zauberflote|||||||j|ger|

19. Web OPAC and Millennium Clients Provide a logical grouping of bibliographic records that would allow users to target the desired entity more quickly and easily Search for author “Mozart, Wolfgang” would include a FRBR entry for Zauberflöte in the results

20. Standard browse

21. FRBR tree view

22. Standard Web OPAC

23. Web OPAC with FRBR

24. Bib (manifestation) with FRBR map

25. Current FRBR Projects • OCLC’s FictionFinder • http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/frbr/fictionfinder.htm • OCLC’s xISBN • http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/xisbn/default.htm • RLG’s RedLight Green • http://www.redlightgreen.com/

26. Challenges? • Cataloging workload and thought process • Currently, the manifestation is cataloged as a whole • Record Sharing • How to go back and FRBR-ize existing records in system? • Not all records benefit from FRBR • FRBR is appropriate for different works in different libraries • A work may become a good FRBR candidate long after initially cataloged • Superworks • Works that have been adapted multiple times (e.g., Romeo and Juliet)

27. Planned availability: Release 2005

28. Committee Participation:Vendor Liaison to theJoint Steering Committee for Revision of Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules' Format Variation Working Group (JSCfRoAACRFVWG for short)

29. Thank you! Claudia Conrad Product Manager