Unit 1: Geography Fundamentals & Early Man

1. Unit 1: Geography Fundamentals& Early Man In your notebooks, answer the do-now question. Do-Now: Why do civilizations need government? Why must the plan for government be written down? Test Review

2. Geography Fundamentals – Main Ideas • Geography – study of people, their environment, and the resources they use. • 5 Themes of Geography • Location • Place • Human-Environment Interaction • Movement • Region

3. Geographic Terms to Know Hemisphere – the northern and southern half of the Earth is divided by the equator and the eastern and western half is divided by the prime meridian Continent – principal land masses – know the SEVEN – North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica Ocean – divisions of the Earth’s salt water surface – know – Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and the Arctic

4. The main directions we use are called cardinal directions and they are north (N), south (S), east (E), and west (W).  On most maps, north is at the top.  South is at the bottom.  East is on the right.  West is on the left. The compass rose shows us the in between directions.  They are called intermediate directions. NE means northeast SE means southeast         SW means southwest         NW means northwest

5. Know the difference! • LONGITUDE • Lines on a map or globe running north & south LATITUDE • Lines on a map or globe running east & west

6. The Equator • The equator is located at 0 degrees latitude. The equator divides the planet into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Generally the climate along the equator is hot, humid, and very rainy. It is an excellent place for farming in most cases.

7. Understanding Our Past – Main Ideas • Archaeologist – learn how early people developed skills and tools by studying thousands of artifacts. • To help analyze a site, archaeologists make detailed maps locating each artifact they find. • Archaeologists study and interpret their findings using modern technology, like computers, aerial photography, and techniques for measuring radioactivity. • Anthropologist – reconstructs the lifestyle of the society’s members.

8. Understanding Our Past – Main Ideas • Historians– study how people lived by examining evidence like clothing, letters, and photography. • By studying the lives of both famous and ordinary people, historians can gain a more complete understanding of the past. • Prehistory – period before people invented writing systems

9. Paleolithic vs. Neolithic

10. Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) 2 million B.C. - 10,000 B.C. Hunting & gathering societies Nomads- people who travel from place to place in constant search of food and water People traveled in small groups Simple tools/weapons made of stone, bone & wood Use of clothes & fire Cave paintings found of animals Animism- religion which involves worshipping spirits in nature

11. Slash & Burn Farming Agricultural Revolution • Also known as the Neolithic Revolution marks the start of farming & domestication of animals • This occurs around the globe at roughly the same time but independently from one another (8,000-5,000 BC) 6,500 BC Central America 7,000 BC India 6,000 BC China 8,000 BC Middle East

12. Villages Grow into Cities Grow even more food. New tools — hoes, sickles, and plow sticks Plant larger areas of land and some villages began to irrigate the land. People invented the wheel for carts and the sail for boats. Made it easier to travel between distant villages and to trade. People were divided into social classes. Life became more complex. Gender roles established People began to worship gods and goddesses that they felt would protect their crops and make their harvests large. The rise of cities led to the rise of the first civilizations.

13. Advantages vs. Disadvantages

14. Features of Civilization • Cities – people form cities support larger population due to surplus of food. • Organized central government - oversee irrigation projects, ensure stable food supply • Complex religions – belief that god(s) controlled natural acts. • Job Specialization – new crafts and technologies led to specializing of skills.

15. Features of Civilization • Social Classes – more complex social breakdown based on jobs. • Arts and Architecture – expressed beliefs and values. • Public Works – projects that benefited society (roads, irrigation systems, and walls) • Writing – record information, prayers/rituals, tax rolls.

16. Cultural Diffusion • The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies occurred through migration, trade, and warfare. • Culture – a distinct way of living and behaving is learned by the members of a society.