Rheumatoid Arthritis. Acknowledgements. Dr. Andrew Thompson, rheumatologist at SJHC and developer of the UWO rheumatology medical school program. Objectives. Gain a basic understanding of Rheumatoid Arthritis Understand the presentation of Rheumatoid Arthritis (Inflammatory Arthritis)
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Acknowledgements • Dr. Andrew Thompson, rheumatologist at SJHC and developer of the UWO rheumatology medical school program
Objectives • Gain a basic understanding of Rheumatoid Arthritis • Understand the presentation of Rheumatoid Arthritis (Inflammatory Arthritis) • Understand the current treatment paradigm and medications used
Case Presentation • 43 yo woman, has been healthy apart from: • C-Section for • Mild depression • Her current medications are • Sertraline 100 mg per day (depression) • Naproxen 500 mg twice a day (recent joint pain)
Case Presentation • 4 months ago developed pain in the left knee with some mild swelling. • The episode lasted a few days and then went away.
Case Presentation • About a week later the right knee began to swell and become sore • Then both wrists began to swell and become sore. She also noticed some soreness in her feet. • About two weeks later her hands started to stiffen up and she couldn’t get her rings on.
Case Presentation • She feels stiff when she wakes up in the morning and this stiffness lasts for at least 3 hours • She has no energy and has missed the last week of work • Her sleep is difficult because she is uncomfortable • She isn’t running because it “hurts too much”
Who gets RA? • ANYONE CAN GET RA • From babies to the very old • Common Age to Start: 20’s to 50’s • Sex: Females more common than males 3:1
How does RA start? • RA usually starts off slowly (insidious) over weeks to months and progresses (70%) • It can come on overnight (acute) but this is rare (10%) • It can come on over a few weeks (subacute – 20%) • Palindromic Presentation • RACECAR, RADAR, MOM, DAD
How does RA start? • Initially, most patients notice stiffness of the joints which seems more pronounced in the morning • Some fatigue • Some pain
What Joints are affected? • RA usually begins as an oligoarticular process (<5 joints) and progresses to polyarticular involvmement • Has a predilection for the small joints of the hands and feet!
Morning Stiffness • Prominent Feature • Greater than 60 minutes of morning stiffness (Patients minimize) • Some patients have difficulty answering the question because they are stiff all day • “How long does it take until you are the best you are going to be?”
Morning Stiffness • Inflammatory fluid increases in and around the joint • As patients get moving the fluid gets resorbed • Stiffness can occur after rest “gelling”
Constitutional Features • Fever – Unusual • Weight Loss – Can be seen with severe polyarticular disease (again not common) • Anorexia – Unusual • Fatigue – VERY COMMON • Sleep Disturbance – VERY COMMON • Musculoskeletal Reasons • Neurologic Reasons – Carpal Tunnel • Psychological Reasons – Worry about illness, finances, job, family etc.
Functional Status • In the Rheumatology Clinic we use a Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) • Dressing, Bathing, Grooming • Cooking, Cleaning, Shopping • Mobility – Walking and Standing • Working • Social Activities & Sports • Rank the Functional Status (IMPORTANT) • Mild, Moderate, or Severe
Work Cooking Cleaning Pleasure Dressing Bathing Grooming Shopping
Rheumatoid Arthritis is … • Usually insidious in onset • Adds joints over time • Has a predilection for the small joints of the hands and feet • Joints become warm and swollen but not red • Morning stiffness is greater than 1 hour • Patients are often tired and don’t sleep properly • Can result in significant disability very quickly
CASE SUMMARY • Has a 4 month history of an inflammatory polyarthritis • Nothing else on history or physical examination to suggest an associated connective tissue disorder or seronegative spondyloarthropathy.
INFLAMMATION • Complete Blood Count (CBC) • Hemoglobin: May be anemic (normocytic) • WBC: Should be normal • Platelets: May be normal to elevated • Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) • C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
ORGAN FUNCTION TO MAKE SURE MEDS WILL BE SAFE • Renal Function • Creatinine + Urinalysis • Liver Enzymes • AST, ALT, ALP, ALB • Hepatitis B & C Testing • Consider baseline Chest X-Ray
Rheumatoid Factor IgG Molecule Fc Portion Autoantibodies (IgM) directed against the Fc Fragment of IgG An Antibody to an Antibody Their Role in RA is not understood IgM Molecule Antigen Binding Groove
Rheumatoid Factor (RF) • Question: What Percentage of New Onset RA will have a positive RF? • Answer: 30-50% • Question: What Percentage of Established RA will have a positive RF? • Answer: 70-85% NOT USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSIS OF RA
Pearls about RF in RA • Asymptomatic people with a positive RF are unlikely to go on to develop RA • The higher the value the greater the likelihood of rheumatic disease • USEFUL for PROGNOSIS • Patients who are RF +ve are more likely to have aggressive disesase • NOT USEFUL to FOLLOW TITRES • Not predictive of flare • Not predictive of improvement
