IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA

1. IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA BY: Jillene Ramroop, Adrian Thom, Theresa Khan,Jason Meadows, Ashanti Roberts & Prince Kemuel Christopher the IGWE

2. Imperialism In Africa Aim: Why did Europeans imperialize Africa and how did this affect Africans? Learning Objective: SWBAT understand 1) the causes and effects of the imperialism in Africa and why this is important 2) the Boer War, Rhodesia and Apartheid 3) the scramble for Africa and which two European countries have the most power 4) important leaders that impacted Africa 5) Modern day and independence movements in various African countries Dow Now: Think-Write-Discuss Standards: RH9-10.1 “Cite textual evidence”

3. Think-Write-Discuss Examine the political cartoon and take two minutes to write down what you see and what you think is being portrayed by the artist.

4. Vocabulary/ Buzzwords Imperialism Cash-cropping Racism Social Darwinism Berlin Conference Shaka Zulu Boers Boer War Paternalism Assimilation Menelik II Suez Canal

5. Causes of Imperialism

6. Europeans brought benefits along with them, but the majority of their trip were all negative effects they caused. • Europeans saw Africa for their manufactured goods that could be sold for high prices • The Europeans countries could now control waterways in Africa and use them for strategic purposes like the Suez Canal • Europeans knew the more territory you controlled the more power you had which is why they pushed so hard to control Africa Significance of European Travels

7. Positive Effects of European Imperialism Travels Due to European travel the Africans life span had increased thanks to European medicine Europeans started modern transportation in Africa and modern communication systems such as railroads and telephones A hand full of Africans received a better chance for education and improved economic opportunities

8. Effects of Imperialism

9. The Berlin Conference The Berlin Conference • The Berlin Conference occurred because European countries feared war amongst themselves for Africa • It lasted from 1884-1885 and had a total of 14 European countries. • They discussed how they would split up Africa and they agreed if any European country wanted a part of Africa they had to notify the other countries first • They didn’t care about how the Africans. felt about their countries being split up and none of the chiefs were invited to the meetings • 1914: only Liberia and Ethiopia was still free from European control

10. Scramble for Africa Before European domination: In the mid 1800’s Europeans dominated most of Africa. During this time in Africa, the indigenous people were divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups. They spoke more than a thousand different languages and ranged from large empires that united ethnic groups to independent villages. During the 1880’s Europeans controlled 10% Africa which was consisted of mostly the coast because Europeans couldn’t navigate African Rivers. Later Europeans created steam- powered river boats that allowed them to conduct major explorations of interior Africa. -French began to expand from West Africa to Southern Sudan -Diamonds were discovered in 1867 -1886 gold increased interest in South Africa -No European power wanted to be left out of the race. ASHANTIIIIIIIIII

11. White Man’s Burden Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go send your sons to exile To serve your captives' need To wait in heavy harness On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half devil and half child Take up the White Man’s burden In patience to abide To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple An hundred times made plain To seek another’s profit And work another’s gain Take up the white man’s burden repeated because their was a push to civilize Africa with a white man’s culture through religion. i.e Christianity Send forth the best ye breed is saying to send you best child forward into exile to basically serve their as slaves To veil is basically to cover up to hide. So basically when it says to veil the threat of terror it is saying to hide the threat of terror. This makes it seem as if we are free and then it goes into open speech. Which is telling us we have freedom of speech which we really don’t.

12. Whit man’s Burden cont Take up the White Man’s burden— And reap his old reward: The blame of those ye better The hate of those ye guard— The cry of hosts ye humour (Ah slowly) to the light: "Why brought ye us from bondage, “Our loved Egyptian night?” Take up the White Man’s burden- Have done with childish days- The lightly proffered laurel, The easy, ungrudged praise. Comes now, to search your manhood Through all the thankless years, Cold-edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers! To reap someone’s old reward is to take their reward for yourself. lightly proffered laurel which basically means an easily won achievement. Now it has come back as a judgement of who you associate yourself with. I am not fully sure as to where the author was going with this poem but no one does. I don’t think he even knows.

13. The Boer Wars (The South African War) • Boers were Dutch farmers who came to Africa in the 1600s. They took African land to establish farms (776). • Boers became known as Afrikaners) • They clashed with the British over policies involving slavery and moved North to escape them,in 1830 which is known as the Great Trek. • Boers then began fighting the Zulu and their leader Shaka Zulu as well as other African tribes whose land they claimed. African nations who have several tribes are known bythe termtribalism.

14. The Boer Wars Continued • Due, to diamonds being discovered in the 1880s many rushed to Africa to make a fortune. • Boers blamed this on the British and started war. They used guerilla tactics on the British. • In retaliation the British burned Boer farms & imprisoned women and children in concentration camps tainted with disease.Black S.A’s who fought were also, captured. • Britain won the war & in 1910 Boer republics joined the union of South Africa which was controlled by Britain.

15. Rhodesia • Was under British control, many black Rhodesians wanted freedom and started war against white Rhodesians. (Bush War) • Guerilla warfare was used and many died. 1980-After many talks the British reach a peace agreement. Rhodesia is given independence and renamed Zimbabwe.

16. Clash over Africa

17. African Resistance and Movements • Africans across the country tried to resist European control, but Europe had superior arms. They fought using any force they had and shocked Europe with the strength they had. (782) • However, all these attempts were unsuccessful except for Ethiopia. East Africans resisted German order to plant cotton. 20 ethnic groups fought in the Maji Maji rebellion, but were killed by the Germans. (75,000) • As a result, Germans made a few gov’t reforms to please the Africans.

18. Ethiopia: Successful Resistance • Ethiopia was the only African nation to resist European rule. It owes it’s victory to Menelik II who became Ethiopian emperor in 1889.He built up an arsenal of weapons. (783) • He pitted Italy,Britain,and France against each other. Shortly after victory he signed a treaty with Italy, believing that Italy would only have a small area in Ethiopia. However,Italy now had all of the country so Menelik II declared war. • 1896-Battle of Adowa Ethiopians defeated the Italians.

19. Egypt (788-89) • After, French interest Egypt became modernized. Egypt is located at the head of the Red Sea which was strategic to Europe. Muhammad Ali was the leader at the time. 1831-Gained Control of Syria and Arabia • He started cash-cropping cotton, causing peasants to lose land. His grandson Isma’il constructed the Suez Canal(1869). It connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. This was expensive & put Egypt in 450 mil. debt. The British then overseed finance and occupied the country in 1882.

20. Nigeria's Civil War (1041-1043) • Nigeria won its independence from Britain in 1960 and is the most populous country in Africa. Was controlled by the military. • There are 3 ethnic groups: Hausa-Fulani (Muslims), Yoruba and Igbo (Christian, Muslim, Animists). • Due, to disputes over who controlled what a war broke out.

21. Nigerian Civil War continued • The Hausa-Fulani mistrusted the Igbo & launched an attack. Many Igbo were killed and the survivors seceded to form Biafra. • Nigeria went to war to unite the country and they did in 1970, but millions of Igbo perished. • The nation rebuilt the Igbo region and the country was under military control. 1979-power returned to the people until the military overthrew its gov’t in 1983. • The military held elections in 1993 but, called the election invalid so a dictator General Sani Abacha could rule. He died in 1998 and the first president Olusegun Obasanjo was elected and later re elected. • Obasanjo was Yoruban and supported the military. He unified Nigeria and battled corruption. Nigeria still had many problems(War, poverty,hunger,violence,corruption)but had increasing oil exports which caused economic growth.

22. South Africa and Apartheid (1043-45) • South Africa was racially divided under dutch and British rule. Whites had rights but blacks did not under the constitution. • 1948-The National Party promoted Dutch nationalism & instituted apartheid which banned contact and created segregated schools,neighborhoods and hospitals.Gov’t makes reserves for the blacks to live.

23. South Africa cont. • Could only live in white areas if they were slaves or servants.75% of pop. but only had 13% of land. • In 1912, The African National Congress (ANC) was formed and strikes, boycotts and protests began. Gov’t banned the group and imprisoned members, including Nelson Mandela.

24. South Africa con. • Riots broke out in schools killing 600 students, police beat a protest leader (Stephen Biko) to death leading the gov’t to issue a nationwide state of emergency in 1986. • 1989-White president F.W de Klerk elected.Parliament repealed segregation and allowed all races to vote in the election of 1994. • Mandela was elected president and democracy continued. In 1996, a new constitution gave equal rights to all citizens. Modern day-free trade agreements with many nations opening economy, AIDS epidemic,high poverty, and unemployment, high murder rates.

25. Ghana & Kenya • Kwame Nkrumah was the leader of Ghana independence • Before they were independent they were under Britain's control and they called it ‘Gold Coast’ • They were the first ones to get their independence & get it peacefully through boycotts and strikes and by 1957 they received their independence • Kenya got their independence by violent means • The leader was Jomo Kenyatta • Mau Mau was a secret society that made up of native Kenyan farmers that threw the British out • Used Guerilla war tactics • Got their independence in 1963 but many people died as a result • (1013)

26. Algeria & Congo • Got their independence through violent means • Leader: Ahmed Ben Bella • Colonies were owned by France before they got their independence • Fought because colonies refused to share political power with the Algerians • Establish Algerian national Liberal Front & fought off half a million French troops • Gain independence July 1962 • Most explicit by Belgium • Belgium took most of copper and rubber • Belgium ruled harshly and no social services • Took everything then granted them independence • Became chaotic since they wasn’t ready for independence • Mobutu Sese Seko took control by promising democracy that never happen (1015-16)

27. Angola • Owned by the Portuguese who had no intentions of giving them independence • When Angola started a movement Portugal sent in 50,000 troops • Cost them half of their national budget • This and the unpopularity of the war back at Portugal made the Portuguese withdraw • Got their independence in 1975

28. Nelson Mandela and three ways he changed South Africa - Rolihlahla Mandela born to Madiba clan in Mvezo, Transkei, on July 18, 1918 - Attended primary school in Quna where his teacher Ms. Mdingan gave him the name “ Nelson”, in accordance with the custom to give all school children “Christian” names. - Nelson Mandela was arrested in a countywide police swoop on 5 December 1955, which led to the 1956 Treason Trial. Men and women of all races found themselves in the dock in the marathon trial that only ended when the last 28 accused, including Mr Mandela were acquitted on 29 March 1961. - On 10 May 1994 he was inaugurated South Africa’s first democratically elected President. On his 80th birthday - Through Nelson’s life he was able to go through 3 marriages before he died. ` Nelson Mandela had a generous soul so he founded the “ Nelson Mandela Foundation and Nelson Mandela Children's Fund”

29. Nelson Mandela continued…. 2) Nelson Mandela strived for peace and forgiveness Nelsons biggest influence on the new South Africa was his personal determination to stop anger that was influenced from the past. The key to this was his 1995 establishment of a truth and reconciliation commission that investigated historic human rights violations and gave vent to grievances. 3) Nelson Mandela forsaken bloodshed The renunciation of violence was one of the defining moments of the political process and earned Mandela and F.W de Klerk 1993 Nobel Peace Prize

30. Desmond Tutu -Desmond Mpilo Tutu was born on October 7,1931 -Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu had a serious relationship, they were more than friends,more like brothers. -Desmond Tutu fought against poverty, injustice, and inequality. -Desmond Tutu was an Archbishop of an Anglican church, as Nelson Mandela caught the attention of the people outside of the church, Desmond got the people within the church. Since both men wanted the same thing for the country they brought people together. -Desmond Tutu is a respectable man because he fought for rights of the people and taught in schools. Desmond Tutu was an all rounded man meaning he is able to adjust to every circumstance and make the best of it.

31. Modern Day Africa • The big impact, as we've seen globalization progress, and here I'm talking about greater trade, greater capital flows, and particularly greater migration ofskilled labor, is a divergence among African countries. A handful of countries are becoming a part of the next wave of emerging markets. Those countries are benefiting, very strongly from globalization. These are the better economic performers like Ghana, Tanzania, Kenya, and Botswana. They are making their economies more competitive, helping their citizens participate in a global economy and reap the benefits that more circularity of goods, capital, and people can bring. Globalization is businesses,technologies, or philosophies spreading throughout the world. Overall, South Africa has the most potential to play a very positive role in terms of political and economic progress, and not just in southern Africa, but for the whole continent.

32. Exit Ticket (Review of Lesson) • A primary purpose of the Suez Canal was to : a) encourage Jewish settlement in nearby Palestine; b) reduce the time needed for travel between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea; c) increase trade between the Middle East, Europe and Asia; d) allow Indian merchants to reach the east coast of Africa • Which is an accurate statement about the partitioning of Africa by European imperialist nations in the 1800s? a) new nations were based on old tribal boundaries; b) the cultural and ethnic diversity of African people were disregarded; c) the continent was equally divided among the colonial powers; d) African unity was encouraged • After 1880, European nations sought colonies in Africa primarily because the Europeans were: a) in need of land for their surplus populations; B) competing for raw materials and markets; c)determined to bring Christianity to the Moslem world; D) interested in completing their geographic knowledge of the world

33. Works Cited • http://www.elkriver.k12.mn.us/webpages/jhood/files/w5f27aad.pdf • http://www.elkriver.k12.mn.us/webpages/jhood/files/w5f27bad.pdf • http://www.elkriver.k12.mn.us/webpages/jhood/files/w5h34cad.pdf • http://www.elkriver.k12.mn.us/webpages/jhood/files/w5h35bad.pdf • http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14113618 • http://insights.som.yale.edu/insights/where-does-africa-fit-globalization-puzzle • http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/core/questions/question.cfm?Course=GLOB&TopicCode=6i&QNum=1&Wrong=0 • http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/global/themes/imperialism/africa.cfm • answers.com • thefreedictionary.com