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Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids

Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids. HIST 1007 11/13/13. History at the Movies. Kingdom of Heaven (2005) Thur. Nov. 21 st 6-9pm. Spain after the Reconquista. Reshape Spain as Christian kingdom Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon Majority Muslim population Jewish tax collectors and

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Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ilkhanids

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  1. Samanids, Ghaznavids, and Ilkhanids HIST 1007 11/13/13

  2. History at the Movies • Kingdom of Heaven (2005) • Thur. Nov. 21st 6-9pm

  3. Spain after the Reconquista • Reshape Spain as Christian kingdom • Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon • Majority Muslim population • Jewish tax collectors and government officials • Moneylenders – bankers of the Reconquista • 14th century – growing Christian middle class • Competition and religious ideology

  4. Jews and Muslims in Spain • Fourth Lateran Council (1215) • Differentiate non-Christians • Jews wear special cape and badge • Muslims have special hair cut and clothes • Questionable converts – maintaining connections with families • Franciscans and Dominicans preach against non-Christians • Persecution and mob violence • 1391-1416 – massacres and forced conversions

  5. Inquisition • Conversos – Converted Jews who retained family contacts and Jewish religious practices • 1478 – Isabel I of Castile and Fernando II of Aragorn establish the Spanish Inquisition • 1483 – Expulsion of Jews from Andalusia (southern Spain) • 1492 – Expulsion of Jews from Spain • 1497 – Expulsion of Jews from Portugal • 1834 – Inquisition ends

  6. Expulsion of Muslims • 1491 – Treaty of Granada • Granada will surrender to Castile and Aragon in Jan. 1492 • Muslims guaranteed religious liberty and property • City divided in half • Moriscos – Muslim converts to Christianity • Mudejars – Muslims who stayed in Spain • 1502 – Forced conversion and expulsion in Castile

  7. Suppression of Mudejars • 1511 – tailors barred from making Muslim-style clothes • 1526 – Arabic language outlawed (along with dress, jewelry, and baths) • Inquisition employed to enforce conversions • 1526 – laws expand to Aragon • 1570 – Moriscos expelled from Granada • 1609 – Expulsion of Muslims from Spain

  8. Central Asia before Islam • Khurasan and Ma Wara’ al-Nahr (Transoxania) • Sasanian frontier and independent kingdoms • Silk Road or Silk Web? • Persians, Soghdians, and Turks • Zoroastrians, Buddhists, Christians, Manichaens, Hindus, Jews, shamanists, and pagans Ambassador’s Painting, Samarqand, Uzbekistan, ca. 650

  9. The Silk Road

  10. Local Networks • Marzban – Sasanian margraves • Spahbed – Sasanian general • Dihqan– petty landed gentry • Qanatirrigation and village “ownership” • Collect taxes • Conscript soldiers • Soghdian merchants • Connect Central Asia to China and India

  11. Conquest of Khurasan • 651 – Yazdegerd III (last SasanianShahanshah) flees to Merv and is killed • Negotiated surrender between marzbans, dihqans, and Arabs • Marv: home of Arab garrison • Local networks hold on to most of their authority

  12. Conquest of Transoxania (662-751) • Like North Africa, slow and often interrupted • Independent city-states under Soghdian and Turkish rule • Expansion of Tang China • Conquer – revolt – reconquer • Is it conquest or raiding? • 705 – 715: Qutayba b. Muslim (d. 715) encourages permanent Arab settlement • 751: Battle of Talas – `Abbasids defeat Tang for control of Transoxania Ancient walls of Bukhara, Uzbekistan

  13. Islam in Central Asia • Questions about non-Muslim leadership • Can a non-Muslim collect taxes from a Muslim? • How about rent? • Shift from tribute to property tax (kharaj) • Conversion and political connections • Cotton vs. silk (and wine!) • Rivalry between Arab migrants and locals

  14. Collapse of the Caliphate • Tahirids (821-873) • Tahir b. al-Husayn (d. 822) • Family of pre-Islamic elites • Early converts – mawla • Secretaries to `Abbasid governors • Organizes local networks during Persian uprising against `Abbasids • al-Ma’mun’s general during civil war • Governorship of the east • Employs local elites

  15. Asserting a Persian Identity • Saffarids (r. 861-1003) • Ya`qub b. al-Layth (d. 879) • Urban craftsmen turned `ayyars • Resist Arab rule over the east • Ya`qub doesn’t even know Arabic! • 873: Conquer Tahirid capital at Nishapur • Offensive to local networks? Iranian monument to Ya`qub b. al-Layth

  16. Return of the Dihqans • Samanids (r. 819-999) • Descent from pre-Islamic nobility • Maintained lands in Transoxania • Sub-governors under Tahirids • 901 – defeat Saffarids for control of Khurasan • Mixture of Islamic and Persian identity • Ability to deploy local networks Monument to Isma`il b. Ahmad al-Samani (r. 892-907), Tajikistan

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