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The Rise of Modernization in Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia Post-Western Domination

This chapter explores the transformation of Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia as they broke free from Western influence during the early 20th century. Despite facing colonial pressures, these nations emerged with their own political leaders—Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Reza Shah Pahlavi, and Ibn Saud—who spearheaded significant reforms. Turkey transitioned into a republic after WWI under Atatürk, while Iran revitalized itself with nationalists resisting foreign control. Saudi Arabia united under Ibn Saud's leadership. This pivotal period reshaped the Middle Eastern political landscape.

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The Rise of Modernization in Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia Post-Western Domination

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  1. Middle East & Islam Chapter 14 Dr. Maggio

  2. Modernization in the Independent States • Three states managed to shake off western domination at this point • Turkey • Iran • Saudi Arabia

  3. Spread of Western Influence & Power 1 • First 40 years of the twentieth century • Egypt and fertile Crescent under western control before or during WWI (Britain, France) • Remote areas also being eyed as colonies (central Persia, Anatolia, Arabia) • Secret agreements to give straits to Russia; parts of Anatolia to Italy, France • British secret agents contacting tribes in Arabia, Persia

  4. Spread of Western Influence & Power 2 • Drafting treaties that would make Persian and Arab lands British protectorates • Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, and Trucial States (UAE) already British protectorates by 1914 • Aden – Indian Government – later colony • Ottomans (w/Germany) surrenders 1918 • No one left to stem the spread of Western (British) influence in the Middle east

  5. But…. • Three states managed to shake off western domination at this point • Turkey • Persia (Iran) • Saudi Arabia

  6. In Anatolia • Turks drove off western invaders • Ended the dysfunctional & defeated Ottoman Empire • Set up Republic of Turkey

  7. In Persia • Soldiers and civilian nationalists in Persia blocked British & Bolshevik (Soviet) attempts to take over Persia • Reorganized the state • Replaced the weak Qajar Shah with a strong ruler, Reza Shah

  8. In Arabia • Muslim reform movement • Combined with a tribal warrior confederation • Unites most of the Arabian peninsula • Ibn Saud – from old ruling family in Najd • Founds Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

  9. Coincidentally • All three states were characterized by a military leader who became a political leader • Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (Turkey) • Reza Shah Pahlavi (Iran) • Ibn Saud (Saudi Arabia)

  10. Turkey • Ottomans prostrate after WWI • No money, many dead and wounded • Severe price inflation, deficit spending • Armenian genocide (Christians) • 1 million Armenians dead • Part of Armenia to Turkey, part to Soviet Union • US very pro-Armenian

  11. Conference of Lusanne 1923 • 1923 Turkey declares Republic under Kemal • Soviet Russia aids Turkey • Turks drive out Greeks • Turks freed themselves of all foreign occupation and deals • Republic goes forward

  12. Kemal • European influence good or bad? • Arab influence good or bad? • Soviet Russian influence good or bad? • Pursued Nationalist, Secular, Reformist policies

  13. The hatp. 230 • Role of Kemal in social liberalization • Fez vis. Panama hat • Without brim -- role in prayers • http://www.galenfrysinger.com/gabes_tunisia.htm • European dress, calendar (date changes at sunset, or at midnight?) • Koran read in Turkish, not Arabic • Official state religion deleted 1928

  14. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk • 1881- 1938 • Ottomans held Thessaloniki (Salonica) • Disenchanted with the Ottoman Empire decline • Young Turk revolution that seized power from the Sultan in 1908 • As a general, resisted occupation Allied forces • Nationalist, Secular, Reformist policies • Ataturk Honorary title “Father of the Turks”

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