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The Restoration & the 18 th Century:

The Restoration & the 18 th Century:. A Time of Writing & Revolution. Introduction. 1600-1800– People from England poured into North America Sought freedom from religious persecution Sought money made from lands & forests (fur, tobacco, and logs) African slave trade.

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The Restoration & the 18 th Century:

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  1. The Restoration & the 18th Century: A Time of Writing & Revolution

  2. Introduction • 1600-1800– People from England poured into North America • Sought freedom from religious persecution • Sought money made from lands & forests (fur, tobacco, and logs) • African slave trade

  3. Revolutionary War • 1775- Colonies rebel against England & gain their independence

  4. England is Exhausted • Exhausted from 20 years of civil war • Bubonic Plague • 1666-Fire that left 2/3 of Londoners homeless

  5. However… • British military forces establish new settlements around the globe • Middle class grew • Brilliant works of philosophy, art, & literature

  6. Several Names for This Time Period • Augustan Age • Neoclassical Age • Enlightenment • Age of Reason

  7. Augustan & Neoclassical Age:Comparisons with Rome • Comparison with Rome • Octavian’s rule (63 B.C. to A.D. 14) – • He restored peace and order after Julius Caesar’s assassination • Stuart monarchs in England do the same thing after civil wars led up to the execution of King Charles I

  8. Augustan & Neoclassical Age:Comparisons with Rome • Roman Senate hailed Augustus – 2nd founder of Rome • English people brought back son of Charles I from exile in France-crowned him King Charles II – their “new savior” • Even dug up Oliver Cromwell’s corpse to cut off his head

  9. Augustan & Neoclassical Age:Comparisons with Rome • English writers modeled their works on old Latin classics • The imitated Latin works – hence the name “Neoclassical” or “new classic”

  10. Reason & Enlightenment:Asking How? • In the old days, changes in nature and the heavens were seen as punishment for bad behavior (superstitions) • Enlightenment – They asked “Why?” things happen • Example: Edmond Halley calculated when his comet would reappear (every 76 years)

  11. Birth of Modern English Prose • John Dryden – founder & “First True Master” • “Age of Dryden” 1631-1700 • Perfected the technique of English poetry, regularizing meter, & making diction precise

  12. Changes in Religion • Deism: Universe was like a giant clock set into motion by the “Creator”/ God who withdrew from the mechanism and let it run by itself • Voltaire – French writer who makes fun of this in his work Candide

  13. Religion & Politics: Repression of Minority Sects • Religion determined people’s politics • Charles II reestablished the Anglican Church • It became the official Church of England and still is today • Charles II attempted to outlaw Puritan and independent sects – persecutions- pilgrims come to the Americas

  14. Bloodless Rebellion • Charles II had many bastard children, but no legal heir • When he died, his brother James II, took over • He was Catholic and he and his Catholic wife produced a Catholic heir • People put pressure on them – fled to France • Glorious/Bloodless Revolution (1688)

  15. Bloodless Rebellion Continued… • Succeeded by his Protestant daughter, Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange • William and Mary

  16. Addicted to the Theatre • Charles repealed ban on theater performances • Female actors were allowed • Witty comedies were produced • Play reflected the life of the rich-leisured people of the time – Frenchified, pleasure-loving upper classes

  17. Age of Satire • Most accomplished literary artists of the period • Alexander Pope – “Age of Pope” • Addressed works to educated & leisure classes – attacked them for their immorality & bad taste • He loved order, discipline, and craftsmanship • Jonathan Swift • * Pope & Swift deplored corrupt politics, commercialism, materialism, & moral corruption.

  18. Journalism • Daniel Defoe – stood for middle class values • Thrift, prudence, industry, & respectability • Followed new profession of journalism • Reformer of public morals

  19. Public Poetry • Augustan Poets – thought society served a public, not a private function • Would decide what kind of poem they would write before they wrote it

  20. Public Poetry • Many popular kinds of poetry were inherited from classical forms. • Elegy: Poems written to mourn the death of someone or something lost -- Satire: Ridicules human weakness, vice, or folly in order to bring about social reform -- Ode: Expresses public emotion on a serious subject *Every poem had exact meter and rhyme.

  21. First English Novels • “Novel” means “something new” • Long fictional novels • Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe • Harry Fielding wrote Tom Jones • Women were among the most eager readers • Women were among the most eager • readers.

  22. Samuel Johnson • “Age of Johnson” • His views were conservative and traditional • Criticized progress

  23. End of the Restoration • Industrial Revolution begins to turn English cities into filthy, smoky slums. • Writers return to folk themes and nature for inspiration • Thus, Romanticism is born.

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