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The Living Cell

The Living Cell. Chapter 21. Great Idea: Life is based on chemistry, and chemistry takes place in cells. Chapter Outline. The Nature and Variety of Cells How Does a Cell Work? Metabolism: Energy and Life Cell Division. The Nature and Variety of Cells. The Cell Theory.

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The Living Cell

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  1. The Living Cell Chapter 21 Great Idea: Life is based on chemistry, and chemistry takes place in cells

  2. Chapter Outline • The Nature and Variety of Cells • How Does a Cell Work? • Metabolism: Energy and Life • Cell Division

  3. The Nature and Variety of Cells

  4. The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental unit of life • All cells arise from previous cells

  5. Observing Cells: The Microscope

  6. How Does a Cell Work?

  7. Cell Membranes • Cell Membranes • Isolate cell • Separates cell parts • Transport • Individual molecules • Specific materials • channels • Receptors • Bind molecules • Cell Wall • Plants

  8. Plant Cell

  9. The Nucleus • Nucleus • Contains genetic material • Prokaryotes • No nucleus • Eukaryotes • Nucleus • Double Membrane

  10. The Energy Organelles: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria • Organelle • Specialized structure in cell • Chloroplasts • Energy transformation • chlorophyll • Plant cells only • Double membrane • Mitochondria • Produces cells energy • Double membrane • Own DNA

  11. Cytoskeleton • Cytoskeleton • Gives cell shape • Anchors • Allows movement • Transport system • Within cell • Structure • Strong filaments • Complex web

  12. Metabolism: Energy and Life

  13. The Cell’s Energy Currency • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) • Provides energy • Structure • 3 phosphate groups • Sugar molecule: ribose • adenine • Function • Removal of phosphate group provides energy

  14. Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis • Convert sunlight to energy • Process • Energy + CO2 + H2O carbohydrate + O2 • Colors

  15. Glycolysis: The First Step in Energy Generation in the Cell • Respiration • Oxidation of carbohydrate • Retrieves energy in glucose • Aerobic • Process • Glycolysis • Split glucose • Result • Pyruvic acid • 2 ATP • 2 energy carriers • Convert energy carriers to 2-3 ATP • 1 molecule glucose = 6-8 ATP

  16. Fermentation: A Way to Keep Glycolysis Going • Fermentation • Anaerobic • Inefficient • Yeast • alcohol • Animal cells • Lactic acid

  17. The Final Stages of Respiration • Krebs cycle • Glucose broken down • CO2 produced • ATP • Energy-carrying molecules • Result • 36-38 ATP

  18. Cell Division

  19. Mitosis • Mitosis • Cell division • Not for sexual reproduction • Chromosomes • Process • Copy chromosomes • Spindle fibers • Migration of chromosomes • Nuclear membrane reforms

  20. Meiosis • Meiosis • Sexual reproduction • 1 cell forms 4 gametes • Gametes are genetically unique • Process • Copy chromosomes • Crossing over • Segregation • Segregation again • Result • 4 daughter cells • ½ normal chromosomes

  21. Meiosis

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