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Cell Chemistry: The Essence of Life

Explore the fundamental role of chemistry within cells, from the nature and variety of cells to metabolism, energy processes, and cell division. Understand how cells function and the intricate processes they undergo. Delve into cell membranes, organelles, energy generation, and the fascinating world of mitosis and meiosis.

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Cell Chemistry: The Essence of Life

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  1. The Living Cell Chapter 21 Great Idea: Life is based on chemistry, and chemistry takes place in cells

  2. Chapter Outline • The Nature and Variety of Cells • How Does a Cell Work? • Metabolism: Energy and Life • Cell Division

  3. The Nature and Variety of Cells

  4. The Cell Theory • All living things are composed of cells • The cell is the fundamental unit of life • All cells arise from previous cells

  5. Observing Cells: The Microscope

  6. How Does a Cell Work?

  7. Cell Membranes • Cell Membranes • Isolate cell • Separates cell parts • Transport • Individual molecules • Specific materials • channels • Receptors • Bind molecules • Cell Wall • Plants

  8. Plant Cell

  9. The Nucleus • Nucleus • Contains genetic material • Prokaryotes • No nucleus • Eukaryotes • Nucleus • Double Membrane

  10. The Energy Organelles: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria • Organelle • Specialized structure in cell • Chloroplasts • Energy transformation • chlorophyll • Plant cells only • Double membrane • Mitochondria • Produces cells energy • Double membrane • Own DNA

  11. Cytoskeleton • Cytoskeleton • Gives cell shape • Anchors • Allows movement • Transport system • Within cell • Structure • Strong filaments • Complex web

  12. Metabolism: Energy and Life

  13. The Cell’s Energy Currency • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) • Provides energy • Structure • 3 phosphate groups • Sugar molecule: ribose • adenine • Function • Removal of phosphate group provides energy

  14. Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis • Convert sunlight to energy • Process • Energy + CO2 + H2O carbohydrate + O2 • Colors

  15. Glycolysis: The First Step in Energy Generation in the Cell • Respiration • Oxidation of carbohydrate • Retrieves energy in glucose • Aerobic • Process • Glycolysis • Split glucose • Result • Pyruvic acid • 2 ATP • 2 energy carriers • Convert energy carriers to 2-3 ATP • 1 molecule glucose = 6-8 ATP

  16. Fermentation: A Way to Keep Glycolysis Going • Fermentation • Anaerobic • Inefficient • Yeast • alcohol • Animal cells • Lactic acid

  17. The Final Stages of Respiration • Krebs cycle • Glucose broken down • CO2 produced • ATP • Energy-carrying molecules • Result • 36-38 ATP

  18. Cell Division

  19. Mitosis • Mitosis • Cell division • Not for sexual reproduction • Chromosomes • Process • Copy chromosomes • Spindle fibers • Migration of chromosomes • Nuclear membrane reforms

  20. Meiosis • Meiosis • Sexual reproduction • 1 cell forms 4 gametes • Gametes are genetically unique • Process • Copy chromosomes • Crossing over • Segregation • Segregation again • Result • 4 daughter cells • ½ normal chromosomes

  21. Meiosis

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