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Learning Objective I

Coronary Heart Disease Risk Profile of Women with PCOS: Collision of Evidence and Assumptions Evelyn Talbott, Dr.P.H. Kim Sutton-Tyrrell, Dr.P.H. Lewis H. Kuller, M.D., Dr.P.H. Jeanne V. Zborowski, Ph.D. Dept. of Epidemiology Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh.

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Learning Objective I

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  1. Coronary Heart Disease Risk Profile of Women with PCOS:Collision of Evidence and AssumptionsEvelyn Talbott, Dr.P.H.Kim Sutton-Tyrrell, Dr.P.H.Lewis H. Kuller, M.D., Dr.P.H.Jeanne V. Zborowski, Ph.D.Dept. of EpidemiologyGraduate School of Public HealthUniversity of Pittsburgh

  2. Learning Objective I • To review some of the designs employed in the study of Cardiovascular Disease risk factors in women with PCOS • Retrospective • Prospective • Historical Prospective

  3. Learning Objective II • To provide an overview of the controversy in the literature to date linking PCOS and the risk of Heart Disease in women.

  4. Learning Objective III • To more fully understand the metabolic parameters of PCOS in women in relation to Cardiovascular Disease risk over time and • to discuss future research in this area.

  5. Prevalence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) • PCOS is a condition that affects 5-10% of women in the US. • It is a heterogeneous reproductive endocrine disorder.

  6. Characteristics of PCOS • Chronic anovulation • Hyperandrogenemia • Insulin Resistance • Hyperinsulinemia • Obesity • Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) • Central Adiposity

  7. Etiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) • Primary dysregulation of ovarian steroidogenesis (Ehrmann, 1995); insulin post-receptor binding defect (Dunaif, 1992) • Multiple arrested follicles are present with increased ovarian stroma (pearl necklace effect) • Results in hypertrophied ovarian theca cells, elevated androgens, lack of a mid-cycle estradiol surge, and disrupted folliculogenesis (Barnes, 1997)

  8. The Polycystic Ovary Thickened Capsule Atretic Follicle Enlarged Ovary with Abundant Stroma From: The Menstrual Cycle (1993), Ferin, Jewelewicz, and Warren

  9. Differing Criteria of PCOS ULTRASOUND BIOCHEMICAL CLINICAL

  10. Review of the Evidence related to CHD Risk and PCOS • Women with PCOS may be at increased risk of heart disease with increased prevalence of CHD risk factors: (LDL, HDL, triglycerides, hypertension and diabetes.) • However, the literature to date has been inconsistent. • Studies to date have been observational, largely consisting of case-control and cross sectional designs.

  11. Click for larger picture

  12. PCOS and Cardiovascular Risk • PCOS is associated with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors (Wild, 1988; Talbott, 1995) • In both lean and obese PCOS cases exhibited > fasting insulin levels (Slowinska-Srzednicka, 1991) • PCOS women have evidence of metabolic derangements similar to the Metabolic Cardiovascular Syndrome (Syndrome X) [dyslipidemia ( LDLc,  HDLc,  triglycerides), hypertension, and Type II diabetes]

  13. Literature continued • Conversely, other investigators have noted little difference in LDLc levels in thin versus obese PCOS cases and controls (Norman l992, Conway, l995). • Earlier studies had small sample sizes and did not control for potential confounders

  14. Summary of Studies Linking Adverse Lipid Profiles in Women with PCOS Click for larger picture

  15. Hyperinsulinemia, Insulin Resistance, and Impaired Hemostatic Function • Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, as observed in PCOS, have been associated with increased CVD risk (Haffner, 1992; Savage, 1996; Reaven, 1998) • Recent evidence suggests hyperinsulinemia in PCOS correlates with increased CVD risk independent of obesity (Mather, 2000) • Increased risk may be a direct effect of elevated insulin or an indirect effect, through the influence of insulin on other metabolic processes (e.g. thrombosis, fibrinolysis) • Whether this translates into a true “ increased risk” of CHD is not known

  16. CHD Mortality -Previous Literature To date, one historical prospective study of 768 PCOS women (McKeigue et al) undergoing wedge resection in the l930-1979 has been conducted. There was no increased risk of cardiovascular disease noted in this population.

  17. Types of Cohort Studies Click for larger picture

  18. Pierpoint et al., J Clinical Epi, 51(7), 1998 Click for larger picture

  19. Brief Literature Review • In an earlier study of sudden cardiac death among women aged 25-64 in Allegheny County (Talbott ’89), we noted an > rate of childlessness in ever married cases compared to controls (N=80 cases, 80 controls). • Detailed reproductive histories,however, were not available. • The question of whether a reproductive endocrine abnormality such as PCOS was somehow linked to sudden cardiac death was intriguing.

  20. Risk of CHD in PCOS (Phase I l992-94)(Talbott, Guzick, Berga et. al.) • PCOS was a common enough diagnosis in medical practices that a large-scale study was possible. • The specific aim of our first study was to provide information on whether women with PCO have a greater incidence of known risk factors for CHD compared to age matched controls.

  21. Methods • Using both historical and current records from the Reproductive Endocrine Clinic at Magee Women’s our goal was to identify 300 women with PCO and match them with 300 neighborhood controls.

  22. Recruitment continued • Review of records of Dr. David Archer (1972-1986) /Drs. David Guzick and Sarah Berga (2800 records, 10% met PCOS criteria) • Definition of PCOS:chronic anovulation and 1) evidence of clinical (hirsutism) or biochemical (Total T > 2.0 nmol/L) hyperandrogenism or 2) LH:FSH > 2.0

  23. Research Methodology • Clinic Visit • Questionnaire data: demographics, lifestyle assessment, medical, reproductive, and menstrual histories • Anthropometrics (height, weight, waist and hip circumferences) • Blood pressure assessment • Lipids ( total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDLc, HDLc) • Fasting glucose and insulin

  24. Results • Hormone levels PCOS cases vs controls • Blood lipid and insulin levels cases vs controls • Anthropometrics • Decided to look at age relationships

  25. Selected Demographic and Reproductive Factors in PCOS Cases and Controls VARIABLES Age BMI HDLT LDLc Insulin Triglycerides WHR CASES (n=244) 35.3 +7.4 29.9 +7.95 51.2 +14.74 119.9 +31.8 23.3 +17.8 123.6 +88.7 0.83 +0.13 CONTROLS (n=244) 36.7 +7.7 26.6 +6.77* 56.1 +14.43* 112.0 +32.6* 13.6 +8.7* 87.3 +63.1* 0.76 +0.07* * p < 0.01 ** p < 0.05

  26. CHD Risk Factors by Age in PCOS Click for larger picture

  27. CHD Risk Factors by Age in PCOS (cont.) Click for larger picture

  28. Age Relationships • Risk profile by 10 year age groups • LDL levels: Women with PCOS had sig > LDL levels at ages less than 35 years • Insulin was higher in each age group than controls • BP was significantly greater than controls in the 35 to 44 group only

  29. Control for BMI • PCOS cases <40 yrs. showed significantly higher LDL levels than controls and this appears to be independent of BMI • simple regression line of risk factors by age for cases and controls.

  30. Predictors of CHD Risk Factors in PCOS *p<.05 1 Triglyceride levels were log transformed

  31. Summary • Younger women less than 40 with PCOS exhibit adverse lipid profiles • Approximately 50% of PCOS are insulin resistant as demonstrated by a GIR <5

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