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Leaders

By Joy Feagan, Stephanie Walters, and Christi Frost. Civil Rights Movement:. Leaders. Civil Rights Timeline. 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education: segregation in public schools is no longer allowed. 1955 Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus for a white passenger and is arrested.

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Leaders

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  1. By Joy Feagan, Stephanie Walters, and Christi Frost Civil Rights Movement: Leaders

  2. Civil Rights Timeline 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education: segregation in public schools is no longer allowed. 1955 Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus for a white passenger and is arrested. Martin Luther King leads the Montgomery bus boycott. 1956 U.S. Supreme Court decides that segregation on buses is unconstitutional.

  3. 1957 • Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Abernathy, Fred Shuttlesworth, and Bayard Rustin create the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, promoting nonviolent protests for the civil rights movement. 1960 • The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee organize sit-in protests.

  4. 1961 • The Congress of Racial Equality arranges for freedom riders to end segregation on interstate transportation. 1963 • March on Washington occurs at the Lincoln Memorial and Martin Luther King Jr. gives his “I Have a Dream” speech. 1964 • The Civil Rights Act, stating that employment should be equal for all, is signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson

  5. 1965 • Martin Luther King Jr. Jr and other protesters are arrested. • Malcolm X is killed. • Bloody Sunday. 1967 • Thurgood Marshall becomes the first black Supreme Court Justice. 1968 • Martin Luther King. is shot to death by James Earl Ray.

  6. Medgar Evers • The first state field secretary for the NAACP in Mississippi. • Investigated crimes against blacks, and started demonstrations, boycotts of white-owned discriminating companies, and voter-registration efforts.

  7. He and his family received constant death threats, and he was shot in the back on June 12, 1963. • His death brought out more support for the Civil Rights Movement • Posthumously awarded the Spingarn Medal by the NAACP.

  8. Jesse Jackson • Joined the Council on Racial Equality (CORE). • Led marches, sit-ins, and mass arrests to help integrate local restaurants and theaters. • Field director of CORE’s southeastern operations.

  9. Delegate to the Young Democrats National Convention in 1964. • Worked with MLK Jr., the SCLC, and other groups. • Went to South Africa to speak out against the Apartheid.

  10. Martin Luther King Jr. • Elected president of the SCLC in 1957. • Traveled over six million miles, spoke over 25,000 times, and wrote five books between 1957-1968.

  11. Organized and led many famous marches and protests. • Time magazine's Man of the Year in 1963. • Received the Nobel Peace Prize at age 35.

  12. Malcolm X • As a minister, was asked to attend debates, appear on television, speak at universities, and more. • 2nd most desired speaker in the U.S. in 1963.

  13. Led the Unity Rally in Harlem, one of the largest civil rights events in history. • Created the Organizations of Afro-American Unity.

  14. Anti-Apartheid Movement: Leaders

  15. Timeline 1972 • Charles C. Diggs Jr., a congressman, establishes the National African Liberation Support Committee. 1977 • Trans Africa is created. It is a private organization that wants to include African Americans in international affairs and have their ideas heard.

  16. 1984 • The Free South Africa Movement starts. • 1985 • H.R. 1460 is established. It is a bill hoping to improve education and housing benefits for black South Africans.

  17. 1986 • Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 is enacted. Was made up of a great variety of different bills and documents in attempt to end the apartheid. 1988 • Ronald E. Dellums creates a bill to exclude activities and investments in South Africa.

  18. 1990 • The law that prohibits the African National Conference is removed by the President of South Africa, Frederick W. de Klerk. • Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and other anti-apartheid leaders freed from jail. 1991 • Nelson Mandela declared president of the African National Conference.

  19. Walter Sisulu • 1944: Sisulu, his wife, Oliver Tambo, and Nelson Mandela formed the ANC Youth League. • 1952: Organizer of the Defiance Campaign; arrested under Suppression of Communism Act, sentenced to 9 months hard labor & 2 years suspension.

  20. 1953: Spent 5 months touring Eastern Bloc countries. • 1963: arrested at Lilieslief Farm (secret headquarters of ANC).

  21. Nelson Mandela • 1952: Created the first black legal practice in South Africa. • One of 156 arrested as a response to the adoption of the freedom charter at the Congress of People in Dec. 1956.

  22. 1962: Arrested for unlawful exit from the country and incitement to strike after traveling abroad for several months. • 1991: Made president of the African National Congress at its first meeting in South Africa after decades of being banned.

  23. Stephan Biko • 1972: founder of Black Peoples Convention (BPC). • 1973: “banned” by Apartheid government.

  24. August 1975-September 1977: detained and interrogated 4 times under the Apartheid era anti-terrorism legislation. • Died due to brain damage from an interrogation, making Biko a symbol for black resistance to the apartheid.

  25. Trevor Huddleston • 1943: Sent to South Africa by the Community of the Resurrection. • Made Priest-in-Charge of the Community's Sophiatown and Orlando Anglican Mission, in the Anglican diocese of Johannesburg.

  26. Forced to come into conflict with authorities when they passed unjust acts, such as the Group Areas Act and the Bantu Education Act. • Founding patron of the ACTSA (Action for South Africa)

  27. Helen Suzman • South African legislator who advocated for the nonwhite majority in the country. • She and 11 other liberal members of Parliament formed the antiapartheid Progressive Party.

  28. 1 of the 12 who returned to office in the elections of 1961. • 1961-1974: she was the sole anti-apartheid member of Parliament. • Her strength was that she knew the facts, and knew her rights

  29. Works Cited "Apartheid Protest." No date. Online image. Colby College | Four-Year Liberal Arts College in Maine. 09 Feb. 2009 <http://www.colby.edu/education/activism/images/apartheid1.jpg>. "Apartheid Protest." No date. Online image. No Easy Victories home page. 02 Feb. 2009 <http://www.noeasyvictories.org/images/massdemo81.jpg>. "Apartheid Protest." No date. Online image. Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 02 Feb. 2009 <http://www.teara.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/A81DDB2B-1F6E-4A54- 8564-8DCE8F97F2F7/161167/p1483atl.jpg>. "Apartheid Riot." No date. Online image. Wellington City Council - New Zealand. 09 Feb. 2009 <http://www.wellington.govt.nz/services/history/images/enlarge/springbok- enlarge.jpg>. "BANTU STEPHEN BIKO." African American History. 29 Jan. 2009 <http://negroartist.com/STEVE%20BIKO/index.html>. "Biography: Joe Slovo." African History -- Explore the History of Africa. 01 Feb. 2009 <http://africanhistory.about.com/library/biographies/blbio-joeslovo.htm>. "Biography of Nelson Mandela." ANC. 27 Jan. 2009 <http://www.anc.org.za/people/mandela.html>. "Boys Protesting Apartheid." No date. Online image. Libcom.org. 09 Feb. 2009 <http://libcom.org/files/apartheid.gif>. "Civil Rights Protest." No date. Online image. UW Departments Web Server. 09 Feb. 2009 <http://depts.washington.edu/labhist/pnwlabor/civil_rights_march_cut.jpg>.

  30. "Gale - Free Resources - Black History - Biographies - Jesse Jackson." Gale - Home. 28 Jan. 2009 <http://www.gale.cengage.com/free_resources/bhm/bio/jackson_j.htm>. "Helen Suzman -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 28 Jan. 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/575892/Helen-Suzman>. "Helen Suzman, apartheid-fighter | Helen Suzman | The Economist." Economist.com. 01 Feb. 2009 <http://www.economist.com/obituary/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12884799> . "Historical -." Yahoo! GeoCities: Get a free web site with easy-to-use site building tools. 28 Jan. 2009 <http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Rhodes/1266/historical- rensburgsisulu.htm>. "I M B O K O D O - W o m e n ' s S t r u g g l e i n S o u t h A f r i c a." S o u t h A f r i c a n H i s t o r y O n l i n e. 29 Jan. 2009 <http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/governence-projects/womens- struggle/suzman.htm>. "Jesse Jackson Civil Rights Rally." No date. Online image. Wikimedia.org. 02 Feb. 2009 <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Jesse_Jackson_part icipating_in_a_rally,_January_15,_1975.jpg>. "Jesse Jackson Photo." No date. Online image. Wikimedia.org. 29 Jan. 2009 <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Jesse_Jackson,_hal f-length_portrait_of_Jackson_seated_at_a_table,_July_1,_1983.jpg>.

  31. "Life and Work of Archbishop Trevor Huddleston." Anc. 01 Feb. 2009 <http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/solidarity/huddlebio.html>. "Malcolm X and MLK Jr. Protest." No date. Online image. Britannica.com. 09 Feb. 2009 <http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/46/7546-004-7F54297C.jpg>. "Malcolm X." No date. Online image. BeingAndNothingness. 28 Jan. 2009 <http://www.beingandnothingness.net/Quotes/MalcolmX.html>. "Malcolm X." No date. Online image. Wikimedia.org. 02 Feb. 2009 <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Malcolm-x.jpg>. "Mandela - Movie Mom." 28 Jan. 2009 <http://blog.beliefnet.com/moviemom/2008/07/mandela.html>. "Mandela Free Newspaper." No date. Online image. Artfiles.art.com. 02 Feb. 2009 <http://artfiles.art.com/images/-/Nelson-Mandela-Freed-Print-C10109556.jpeg>. "Martin Luther King - Biography." Nobelprize.org. 01 Feb. 2009 <http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio.html>. "Martin Luther King Day 2007." Paskewich.com. 28 Jan. 2009 <http://paskewich.typepad.com/paskewichcom/2007/01/i_have_a_dream_.html>. "Medgar Evers Biography -." Biography.com. 28 Jan. 2009 <http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9542324>. "Medgar Evers Grave." No date. Online image. Wikimedia.org. 02 Feb. 2009 <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/65/MedgarEvers_headstone.jpg/250px-MedgarEvers_headstone.jpg>. "MLKJr." No date. Online image. Africa Within. 02 Feb. 2009 <http://www.africawithin.com/mlking/mlk.jpg>. "MWP: Medgar Evers (1925-1963)." The University of Mississippi. 01 Feb. 2009 <http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/english/ms-writers/dir/evers_medgar/>. "Nelson Mandela." No image. Online image. RootsWeb.com Home Page. 02 Feb. 2009 <http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~engbdf/images/mandela.jpg>.

  32. "The Official Web Site of Malcolm X." CMG Worldwide. 01 Feb. 2009 <http://www.cmgww.com/historic/malcolm/about/achievements.htm>. "Older Sisulu." No date. Online image. Common Dreams | News & Views. 02 Feb. 2009 <http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/images/0506-04.jpg>. "Selma Civil Rights Protest." No date. Online image. Collegepublisher.com. 09 Feb. 2009 <http://media.collegepublisher.com/media/paper1130/stills/43x2042t.jpg>. "Selma Protest." No date. Online image. LEARN NC. 09 Feb. 2009 <http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/lessons/civilrights/resized/selmamarches.j pg>. "Short Biography: Stephen Bantu (Steve) Biko." African History -- Explore the History of Africa. 27 Jan. 2009 <http://africanhistory.about.com/od/stevebiko/a/bio- Biko.htm>. "Short Biography: Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu." African History -- Explore the History of Africa. 27 Jan. 2009 <http://africanhistory.about.com/library/biographies/blbio-WalterSisulu.htm>. "SPEECHES AND WRITINGS OF JOE SLOVO." South African Communist Party. 29 Jan. 2009 <http://www.sacp.org.za/people/slovo/Default.htm>. "Stephan Biko." No date. Online image. Needham Schools. 02 Feb. 2009 <http://nhs.needham.k12.ma.us/cur/baker_00/2002_p7/js_cc_p7/BIKO.JPG >. "Trevor Huddleston - Biography." ANC. 29 Jan. 2009 <http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/solidarity/huddlebiog.html>.

  33. "Voice of Civil Rights." Tanglewood Journalogsm. 28 Jan. 2009 <http://tanglewoodjournalogsm.blogspot.com/2008/02/voice-of-civil- rights.html>. “Helen Suzman.” No date. Online image. Who's Who of Southern Africa. 02 Feb. 2009 <http://www.whoswhosa.co.za/Images/Photos/Suzman_Helen_3458.jpg>.

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