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Manifest Destiny: The American Ideology of Westward Expansion in the 1840s and 1850s

Manifest Destiny shaped the American belief that it was God's will for the U.S. to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This ideology fueled the optimism of settlers during the 1840s and 1850s, driving them westward in search of land, wealth, and adventure. Key figures like Jedediah Smith and events such as the Texas Revolution illustrated the struggle for expansion, leading to significant developments such as the Oregon Trail. The clash between settlers and Native Americans further complicated this transformative era in American history.

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Manifest Destiny: The American Ideology of Westward Expansion in the 1840s and 1850s

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  1. Chapter 13Westward Expansion

  2. What did Americans believe was their Manifest Destiny, and how did they achieve that goal during the 1840s and 1850s?

  3. Manifest Destiny: the belief that God intended for the United States to occupy all the land between the Atlantic and the Pacific Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 239-243

  4. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 239-243 • Reasons for Going West • The Nation’s Mood • optimism • following others • encouraged by the nation’s leaders

  5. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 239-243 • The Lure of the Land • The Desire for Wealth • gold and minerals • land • business ventures • Trappers and traders were usually the first men to arrive in a new western area.

  6. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 239-243 • The Search for Adventure and a New Start • Religious Reasons • spreading the gospel • refuge from persecution

  7. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 239-243 • Early Trails Through the West • mountain men • Jedediah Smith: discovered South Pass

  8. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion p. 241

  9. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 239-243 • The Santa Fe Trail • first American route west of the Missouri River • important trade route • declined in importance due to the railroad

  10. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 239-243 • Growth of Towns • governments • churches • peddlers and stores

  11. Towns developed along transportation routes or near power sources. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 239-243

  12. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 239-243 • The Indian Presence • conflicts between settlers and Indians

  13. The Spanish had set up Catholic missions to cement its claims to Texas and the Southwest. The region later came under Mexican control. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 244-247

  14. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 244-247 • Americans Settle in Texas • Moses Austin brought 300 families to Texas. • American colonists did not blend into the Spanish population.

  15. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 244-247 • Stephen Austin • Antonio López de Santa Anna

  16. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 244-247 • Texas Battles for Independence • Texans took control of Goliad and San Antonio • Jim Bowie • Sam Houston

  17. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 244-247 • “Remember the Alamo!” • Bowie decided against abandoning the Alamo • Santa Anna demanded unconditional surrender • All the Texas soldiers were killed.

  18. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 244-247 • Goliad and San Jacinto • Goliad: over 300 unarmed Texas prisoners were massacred • San Jacinto: Sam Houston and the Texans killed or captured most of the Mexican army in just twenty minutes • secured Texan independence

  19. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 244-247 • The Lone Star Republic • Texans met and formed a constitution and government • first president: Sam Houston • applied for admission to the U.S. • United States refused, fearing war with Mexico

  20. The annexation of Texas became a central issue in the election of 1844. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 244-247

  21. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 244-247 • Texas Gains Statehood • Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren opposed annexation • James K. Polk won the Democratic nomination and the 1844 election after supporting “All of Oregon, All of Texas”

  22. Review/Summary • Santa Anna- Mexican president opposed to Texan independence • Rallying cry of Houston’s forces during the battle of San Jacinto- “Remember the Alamo!” • Battle of San Jacinto- battle in which Santa Anna was captured • After Texas won independence from Mexico and before it became a state, it was an independent country, the “Lone Star Republic.”

  23. Review/Summary • The North was afraid that Texas would be carved into several slave states. • James K. Polk- “All of Oregon, All of Texas,” won the election of 1844, fought for Manifest Destiny • ****How did Texas evolve from a Spanish territory to become a part of the United States?

  24. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 247-251 • Opening Oregon • claimed and jointly occupied by both Great Britain and the U.S.

  25. Before 1846 both Great Britain and the United States claimed Oregon.

  26. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 247-251 • fur trade • Hudson Bay Company (British) • American Fur Company (J. Astor) • Rocky Mountain Fur Company

  27. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 247-251 • Oregon Trail • important route for settlers and missionaries going west • Rediscovered by Jedediah Smith • Methodist missionaries were the first Americans to seek permanent homes in Oregon • Marcus and Narcissa Whitman- missionaries in the west

  28. British interests • moved headquarters to Vancouver Island • boundary settlement: 49th parallel, “not 54° 40’ or fight”

  29. Since Mormon teachings and practices were deeply offensive to most Americans, Mormons were compelled to move west and build their own settlements. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 247-251

  30. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 247-251 • Joseph Smith and The Book of Mormon • beginnings • polygamy • murder of Smith

  31. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 247-251 • The Mormon Trek and Salt Lake City • Brigham Young • skillful planner • arrived at Great Salt Lake in 1847 • not democratic • “Deseret” • The Mormons settled much of the Great Basin area of the West.

  32. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 247-251 • Mining California • The earliest settlements were Spanish missions. • California later came under Mexican control.

  33. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 247-251 • The California Trail • taken by thousands of settlers • The Discovery of Gold • Sutter’s Fort and sawmill • James W. Marshall- mechanic for sawmill • California Gold Rush

  34. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 247-251 • The Forty-Niners • over 80,000 men • almost half came by sea • crime and violence

  35. The major disagreement between the United States and Mexico was the southern boundary of Texas. Mexico- Nueces River America- Rio Grande River Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 251-255

  36. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 251-255 • Fighting for the Southwest • Mexico broke relations with the U.S. • General Zachary Taylor landed at Corpus Christi and moved to the north bank of the Rio Grande River. • Resaca de la Palma

  37. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 251-255 • A Declaration of War • approved by Congress • unpopular in New England and among intellectuals • many volunteers • press corps

  38. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 251-255 • The Santa Fe and California Campaigns • Stephen Kearney took Santa Fe without firing a shot. • He then marched to California. • The Bear Flag Revolution • Led by John Charles Fremont • Led to California falling to the Americans

  39. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 251-255 • Old Rough and Ready- Zachary Taylor • Battle of Monterrey • Buena Vista • Hero of the Mexican War that later became President

  40. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 251-255 • The Battles of Veracruz and Mexico City • General Winfield Scott was placed in charge of the campaign. • “Old Fuss and Feathers” • Scott eventually marched to Mexico City and captured it.

  41. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 251-255 • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • ended the fighting of the Mexican War • established Rio Grande as the southern boundary of Texas • ceded the Mexican Cession • U.S. paid $20 million, cancelled debts

  42. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 251-255 • Results of the Mexican War • made Manifest Destiny a reality • reopened controversies over slavery • training ground for the Civil War • new territory

  43. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 251-255 • The Gadsden Purchase • $10 million • potential southern railroad route • Completed the territory of the lower 48 United States

  44. Wilmot Proviso: proposed that the United States ban slavery in any territory taken from Mexico Never passed Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 255-256

  45. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 255-256 • The Compromise of 1850 • Northern advantages • California admitted as a free state • slave trade outlawed in District of Columbia

  46. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 255-256 • Southern advantages • New Mexico and Utah Territories granted popular sovereignty regarding slavery • Popular sovereignty- Territories decide for themselves if they want slavery. • Fugitive Slave Law • Texas received money for giving up some of its land

  47. Chapter 13 – Westward Expansion pp. 255-256 • Taylor opposed the compromise and vetoed it. • Taylor died shortly thereafter. • Millard Fillmore supported the compromise and eventually approved it. • Vice president that became President • political suicide to the Whig Party

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