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Chapter 13 Westward Expansion

Chapter 13 Westward Expansion. USHC-5.3 Explain the transformation of America from an agrarian to an industrial economy, including the effects of mechanized farming, the role of American farmers in facing economic problems, and the rise of the Populist movement. {12.1.1} [AL, AZ, CA, 9, 10].

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Chapter 13 Westward Expansion

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  1. Chapter 13Westward Expansion USHC-5.3 Explain the transformation of America from an agrarian to an industrial economy, including the effects of mechanized farming, the role of American farmers in facing economic problems, and the rise of the Populist movement. {12.1.1}[AL, AZ, CA, 9, 10]

  2. The Great Plains • Great Plains A grassland extending through the west-central portion of the United States. • Nickname used in Mc Guffey’s Readers of the Time “ “The Great American Desert” 100th Meridian line represented where precipitation went to less than 10” a year.

  3. Federal Policy:Native Americans • Indian Removal Act • Act of Congress • Removed the “Five Civilized Tribes” of the Southeast • Forced Removal Policy • Review struggle between Executive and Legislative branches

  4. Federal Policy:Treaty of Fort Laramie • Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851) • Federal government agreed to close the Dakotas to white settlers. • Pay money to Sioux • Maintain forts and roads in the area. • Sitting Bull refused to follow the treaty thus beginning the Sioux Wars.

  5. The Buffalo • Native Americans “Walmart” • Plains Indians

  6. Custard’s Last Stand • General Custard and the Seventh Calvary were massacred by Sitting Bull and an Indian army at Little Big Horn in the Dakotas.

  7. A Century of Dishonor • Written by Helen Hunt Jackson • Outlines the abuses of all Native American tribes by the United States government. • It pushed for the government to maintain its agreements.

  8. Dawes Act (1887) • Policy signed into law by President Cleveland. • Ended the reservation policy and led to forced assimilation of Native Americans

  9. Wounded Knee (1890) • U.S. Calvary massacred a tribe of Sioux Indians • Attempting to end the “Ghost Dance” • Effectively ended the Sioux Wars

  10. Homestead Act (1862) • Federal government promised a 160 acres of land to families who moved west as long as they paid for it in five years. • 500,000 families moved into the Great Plains Problem: Water

  11. Westward Expansion • Trails out west 1. Oregon Trail 2. Santa Fe Trail 3. Mormon Trail • California Gold Rush • Exodusters • Cattle drives

  12. Soddies • Homesteader homes made of sod • Cool in summer; warm in winter • Havens for snakes, pests, and insects

  13. Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) • Federal law • Gave federal land to the states to help finance agricultural colleges. • Clemson • Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College

  14. Cattle Trails • Cowboys • 1/6 were former slaves • Long Drives • Cow Towns • Kansas City and Chicago • Swift and Armour Meatpacking Industry • Glidden’s Barbed Wire

  15. Mining Industry Gold Mines in California and the Dakotas Silver Mines in Nevada Mining Cities: San Francisco, California and Denver, Colorado

  16. Granger Movement The Grangers- a farmers organization that demanded government control over the railroad industry. Granger laws over interstate commerce Gibbons v. Ogden Munn v. Illinois Wabash v. Illinois

  17. Farmer’s Alliances • People who sympathized with farmers • Promoted cooperation between black and white farmers • Mary Elizabeth Lease “Raise less corn; Raise more HELL !”

  18. Farmers v. Railroads • Munn v. Illinois (1877) • Wabash case (1886) • Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 • Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

  19. Causes of the 1893 Panic • Begun 10 days after Cleveland took office. • Several major corps. went bankrupt. • Over 16,000 businesses disappeared. • Triggered a stock market crash. • Over-extended investments. • Bank failures followed causing a contractionof credit [nearly 500 banks closed]. • By 1895, unemployment reached 3 million. • Americans cried out for relief, but the Govt.continued its laissez faire policies!!

  20. Coxey’s Army, 1894 • Jacob Coxey & his “Army of the Commonweal of Christ.” • March on Washington  “hayseed socialists!”

  21. Populist Platform of 1892 • Direct election of Senators. • Govt. ownership of RRs, telephone & telegraph companies. • Restriction of undesirable immigration. • 8-hour work day for government employees. • Australian secret ballot. • A single term for President & Vice President.

  22. Bryan’s“Cross of Gold” Speech You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon across of gold!

  23. Gold Triumphs Over Silver • 1900  GoldStandard Act • confirmed thenation’s commitment tothe gold standard. • A victory for the forces ofconservatism.

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