The Rock and Fossil record

1. Chapter 3 Mr. Monson’s Science Class The Rock and Fossil record

2. Earth’s Story and Those Who First Listened • James Hutton- Scottish Farmer • spent 30 years studying rock and rock formations in England and Scotland • His observations led to the founding of modern Geology 1729 - 1797 James Hutton

3. Hutton’s Theory of the Earth • Hutton collect his notes in 1788 • He writes the key to understanding Earth’s History is all around us today • Uniformitarianism – geological processes that occur in the past can be explained by current geological processes Siccar Point in Scotland – One of Hutton’s observation Points

4. Catastrophism • During Hutton’s time most scientist thought the earth was only a few thousand years old • Mountains and seas formed in sudden, rare events • Catastrophism – geologic changes occur suddenly Mt. Saint Helens Erupts 1980

5. The Battle Continues . . . • Charles Lyell published Principles of Geology • 1830 -1833 three volume collection • Successfully challenged catastrophism • Earth’s changes gradual 1797 – 1875 Charles Lyell

6. Modern Geology - Both • Modern geologists Stephen J. Gould • Challenged saying catastrophes do play an important role in Earth’s History • Both Uniformitarianism and Catastrophism are right 1941- 2000 Stephen J. Gould

7. Modern Geology - Both • Some Scientists think . . • An asteroid struck earth 65 million years ago • Caused extinction of dinosaurs • Through global debris raining down for decades

8. Other Modern Theories • Other current theories include – volcano(s) erupting changing the earth’s temperature • Some think the Earth got too hot . . . • Some think the Earth got to cold from the volcanic activity

9. Paleontology – The study of Past Life • Paleontology is the study of past life (fossils) • Paleontologists are the scientists that study past life • Specialize • Invertebrates Animals (no back bones) • Vertebrates Animals (back bones) • Paleobotantist study plants • Others reconstruct past ecosystems

10. Paleontology – The study of Past Life . . . 1905 – 2001 Edwin Colbert Vertebrate Paleontologist Found 12 Coelophysis on Ghost Ranch in New Mexico Edwin Colbert Named Staurikosaurus

11. Relative Dating: Which Came First • Scientist have to figure out the sequence of events in Earth’s History • Keys to identify older or younger object * Rocks * Fossils

12. Superposition Younger rocks lie above older rocks if the layers of rocks have not been disturbed New Rock Middle Age Rock Old Rock

13. Some rock sequences are disturbed by the forces of nature Tilted Folded Broken apart’ Upside down Disturbing Forces Over most of Breadalbane, between 740 and 515 million years before the present day, south of Glen Lyon, these metamorphic rocks are relatively flat-lying. The unusual thing about them, however, is that as a result of folding they are upside down!

14. Geologic Column • An ideal layer of rock that contains all the known fossils and rock formations arranged from oldest to youngest • Oldest rocks on bottom and youngest rocks on top

15. Geologic Column . . . • Geologists rely on geologic column to help identify layers in puzzling rock sequencing

16. Constructing the Geologic Column Grand Canyon

17. Disturbed Rock Layers. . . • Features cut across rock layers • Features are younger than rock layers • Rocks had to be there to fault, fold, tilt, erode . . .

18. Disturbed Rock Layers • Fault is a break in the Earth’s Crust along which blocks of the crust slide relative to one another

19. Disturbed Rock Layers . . . Follow the dark igneous rock • Intrusion – molten rock from the Earth’s interior that squeezes into existing rock and cools

20. Disturbed Rock Layers. . . • Folding occurs when the rock layers bend and buckle from Earth’s internal forces

21. Disturbed Rock Layers • Tilting occurs when internal forces in the Earth slant rock layers

22. Events that Disturb Rock Layers • Geologist assume rock layers are originally formed in horizontal layers • The events that fold, tilt or intrude happen after the rock forms so they are newer

23. Gaps in the Record – Unconformities. . . • Faults, intrusion, folding and tilting make dating rocks difficult • Unconformity is a break in the geological record created when rock layers are eroded or when sediment is not deposited for a long time

24. Types of Unconformities • Disconformities – parts of a sequence of parallel rock layers are missing • Represent thousands to millions of years of missing time

25. Types of Unconformities • Nonconformities – a horizontal sedimentary layer lies on top of an eroded layer of older intrusive or metamorphic rocks • Represent millions of years of missing time

26. Types of Unconformities • Angular Unconformities – are found between horizontal layers of sedimentary rock and layers of rock that have been tilted or folded • Represent millions of years of missing time

27. Types of Unconformities • Looked at all the unconformities in this picture – can you see the millions of years of missing records

28. Rock Layer Puzzles • Rock layer sequence can be affected by more than one event • Intrusive rock may have squeezed into layers that contain deformity • Geologist use their knowledge of events to piece together the rock layer jigsaw puzzle

29. Fossils • Fossil is the remains or physical evidence of an organism preserved by geological processes

30. Fossils in Rocks • When an organism dies it usually decays or is quickly eaten • Sometimes an organism is quickly buried by sediments when it dies • Sediments slow decay • Bones and shells decay slower • Hard parts are preserved more than soft tissue

31. Fossils in Amber • Amber –tree sap which hardens quickly • Insects or small animals get caught in it • Some of the best fossils of insects • Also frogs and lizards

32. Petrifaction • Petrifaction – process in which tissue of an organism are replaced with minerals

33. Petrifaction. . . Bone permineralization with silicon, calcite or pyrite . . . • Permineralization – is where the pore space (hard tissue) is filled with the mineral

34. Petrifaction. . . • Replacement – is the process in which the minerals tissues are completely replaced with minerals

35. Fossil in Asphalt • Asphalt wells on Earth’s surface are thick, sticky pools • La Brea asphalt deposits near Los Angeles CA • Trapping organisms for 38,000 years

36. Fossil in Asphalt. . . • Scientist learn a lot about past form Asphalt pools

37. Frozen Fossils • Found remains of a 20,000 year old woolly mammoth in Siberian Tundra in 1999

38. Frozen Fossils. . . • Freezing slows decay • Many type of frozen fossils are preserved from the last ice age Frozen baby mammoth Frozen shrimp fossil

39. Other Types of Fossils • Trace Fossils – is a fossilized mark that is formed in soft sediment by the movement of animals • Foot prints - tracks • Burrows

40. Other Type of Fossils . . . • Mold – the cavity in the rock where the plant or animal was buried • Cast – fossil type that forms when sediments fill the cavity left by decomposition

41. Using Fossils to Interpret the Past • Fossil record gives us part of the Earth’s History • Know more about hard body then soft bodied animals • Incomplete because most organisms never became fossils ? ? ?

42. Fossils reveal changes in Earth’s environment Sea fossils on mountain tops Can help scientist reconstruct ancient coastlines Can help tell what the weather was Cooer Wetter desert Using Fossils to Interpret the Past. . . Fossils from ancient seas left in Burgess Shale on the top of a mountain at Walcott Quarry, in Yoho National Park, British Columbia, Canada

43. Older rocks contain different organisms than younger rocks Fossil record is incomplete Scientists look for similarities in ancient organisms and their closest living relatives History of Changing Organisms

44. Index fossil - found in the rock layers of only one geologic age and that is used to establish the age of the rock layers Using Fossils to Date Rocks

45. Fossils of Tropites (marine mollusk) Living relative - squid Lived between 230 – 208 million years ago Rock they are found in is 230 – 208 million years old Ammonites - Tropites

46. Trilobites or Phacops– extinct Lived 400 million years ago Living relative – hermit crab Rocks they are found in is 400 million years old Trilobites

47. References • http://www.gjenvick.com/images/Periodicals/HarpersMagazine/1897/ScienceAtTheBeginningOfTheCentury/Illustration-05-JamesHutton-250.jpg Retrieved 2/16/10 • http://www.lawrence.edu/dept/geology/siccar.point.gif Retrieved 2/16/10 • http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Science/Images/mount-st-helens-eruption.jpg Retrieved 2/16/10 • http://www.stephenjaygould.org/images/stephenjaygould.jpg Retrieved 2/16/10 • http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/38938000/jpg/_38938379_dino_bbc_203.jpg Retrieved 2/16/10 • http://www.zworld2.com/MRSZWORLD/Dinosaurs/VOLCANOTHEORY.gif Retrieved 2/16/10 • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d6/Edwin_Harris_Colbert_1.jpg Retrieved 2/16/10 • http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/dinosaur-images-036-resize.jpg Retrieved 2/16/10 • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/dinosaur-images-064-resize.jpg&imgrefurl=http://animals.howstuffworks.com/dinosaurs/dinosaur-bones2.htm&usg=__fULJnmVtjqG2LDhhs49ij1E32LU=&h=300&w=400&sz=30&hl=en&start=3&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=uPSPNu7fPqjmtM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddinosaur%2Bfossils%2Bin%2Brocks%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4ADBF_enUS276US277%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1 Retrieved 2/16/10 • http://www.purchon.com/ecology/images/folds.jpg Retrieved 2/16/10 • http://www.amberworkshop.com/i/amber_inclusions_plant_inclusions_insect_inclusions/collection_amber_inclusion.jpg Retrieved 2/18/10 • http://www.amberworkshop.com/i/amber_inclusions_plant_inclusions_insect_inclusions/collection_amber_inclusion.jpg Retrieved 2/18/10 • http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/NGSPOD/740311-FB.jpg Retrieved 2/18/10 • http://crystalrivergems.com/products/fossils/images/DSCF0016.jpg Retrieved 2/18/10 • http://www.gly.fsu.edu/~odom/1000/sediments/bedding.jpg Retrieved 2/18/10 • http://www.explorebreadalbane.co.uk/imagebox/1424-F2-fold-in-Loch-Tay-Ls.JPG Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://www.agiweb.org/news/evolution/paleo_geo_evol.html#null Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Wikipedia:Law_of_Superposition 2/23/10 • http://dinosaurs.about.com/od/carnivorousdinosaurs/p/staurikosaurus.htm 2/23/10 • http://www.nwcreation.net/geologycolumn.html 2/23/10 • http://creationwiki.org/pool/images/thumb/2/28/Geo_time.JPG/400px-Geo_time.JPG 2/23/10

48. References . . . • http://www.biocrawler.com/w/images/d/dd/Grand_Canyon_geologic_column.jpeg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://www.eoearth.org/upload/thumb/3/32/Synclinal_folds_pic.jpg/250px-Synclinal_folds_pic.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/socal/geology/inland_empire/images/guataemala.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://www.npolar.no/geonet/picture_atlas/Sv03-01-22.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect2/crumpled_%20fold.JPG Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://www.purchon.com/ecology/images/folds.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://raider.muc.edu/~mcnaugma/images/Structures/3L99-4%20I70Roadcut%20denver.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://www.worldofstock.com/slides/NEA2607.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://reynolds.asu.edu/sierra_cobre/p_unconformity.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~es10/classnotes/images/Grand.Canyon.d.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://geologicalintroduction.baffl.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/disconformity.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://bp0.blogger.com/_osP51C3atIY/RgMLHeketNI/AAAAAAAAAsQ/MBfepekuJoU/s1600-h/Taum-Sauk_precam-cam-unconformity.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://clasticdetritus.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/fff99.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3442/3801372763_7f52897222_o.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/webdav/site/GSL/shared/images/education_and_careers/RockCycle/Processes/Crystallisation/Igneous%20intrusion%201.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://lovingthebigisland.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/fossil-fish-1.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://www.charmouthfossils.co.uk/shop/images/gcap_fossil_beach.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://www.maropeng.co.za/images/uploads/fossil_lg.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10

49. References . . . • http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/10/08/gallery/amber_zoom.jpg Retrieve 2/23/10 • http://www.juniorengineering.usu.edu/workshops/amber/images/tree1.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://en.wikivisual.com/images/2/24/Petrified_wood_closeup_2.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://www.kith.org/logos/pix/photos/scenery/petrified.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://www.bone-yard.org/images/ty/petwooda.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://www.womansday.com/var/ezflow_site/storage/images/media/images/06-wd0809-pitch-lake/693507-1-eng-US/06-wd0809-Pitch-Lake.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://www.tarpits.org/education/guide/art/page3a.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://www.semp.us/_images/biots/Biot485PhotoQ.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://i.livescience.com/images/051219_mammoth_head_02.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • http://www.foxnews.com/images/299650/1_61_mammoth_frozen_1.jpg 2/23/10 • http://www.environmenttimes.co.uk/images/sce/News/Antarctic-fossil.jpg Retrieved 2/23/10 • https://courseware.e-education.psu.edu/courses/earth105new/graphics/L02_fossil_hpl922.jpg Retrieved 2/26/10 • http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/solnhofen/Stenophlebia-latreilli/EP013B.jpg retrieved 2/26/10 • http://eostone.com/images/home-fade/turtle.jpg Retrieved 3/1/10 • http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/500/550/551/abisaad/fossils-981025-06-528.jpg Retrieved 3/1/10

50. References. . . • http://www.ucdavis.edu/images/features_level2/0209/darwin/grosberg_full.jpg Retrieved 3/1/10 • http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/~vonfrese/gs100/lect29/xfig29_04.jpg Retrieved 3/1/10 • http://www.ing.uni.wroc.pl/~pracz/dyd/obr_skam/trop1.jpg Retrieved 3/1/10 • http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/aroundthemall/wp-content/files/2007/11/2007-7438-trilobites.jpg Retrieved 3/1/10 • http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/kodiak/images/photo/crabak_herm.jpg Retrieved 3/1/10