Overview and Integration

1. Overview and Integration Behavioral, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroscience Place Cells PET Techniques Normal Brain AD Brain

2. Neuroscience from Historical and Biographical Perspectives Brain Hypothesis Neuron Hypothesis For a history of neuroscienece timeline: neurolab.jsc.nasa.gov/timeline.htm

3. Site of Thinking: Heart, Ventricles, Brain

4. Phrenology and Localization of Function

5. Neurons as Units or a Neural Net Jan Purkinje Purkinje cell – first viewed in 1837

6. Cajal and Golgi – 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology Santiago Ramon y Cajal Camillo Golgi

7. Sherrington and the “Synapse” 1932 Nobel Prize in Physiology

8. Lashley’s Search for the Engram in the 1920s After training, cortical lesions are made. Three different lesion locations are shown in red, blue, and yellow Errors are associated with the size rather than the locus of the lesion. Rats are trained to run through a maze without entering blind alleys.

9. Donald Hebb and the Cell Assembly 1949

10. 20th and 21st Century Advances Electrophysiology Imaging Genetics EEG ERPs Multiple Unit Recording Single Unit Recording Tetrode Recording CT Scan MRI PET SPECT fMRI Human genome Mouse genome Clinical genotyping Transgenic animals Knock-out animals MEG

11. Comparative Neuroscience: Parallels in Brain-Behavior Relationships Across Species

12. Spatial Location Activation maps of 2 CA1 hippocampal place cells

13. Fear Conditioning

14. Associative Learning Eyeblink Classical Conditioning: Behavioral Parallels in All Mammals Including Humans Conditioned Stimulus (CS)–Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Pairings = Conditioned Response (CR)

15. Genetics, Neurobiology, and Behavior

16. Spatial and Temporal Control of Transgene Expression Doubly Transgenic Mice tTA-Gene Region Specific Promoter tTA _ Doxycycline + Effector Gene tTA responsive Promoter

17. Microarrays Method of examining changes in gene expression associated with event, drug, or disease

18. Polymerase Chain Reaction

19. Human Genotyping: Alipoprotein E

20. Anatomical and Functional Neuroanatomy Tutorial: www.neuropat.dote.hu

21. Sulci and Gyri in the Human Brain

22. Ventral View of MTL

23. Human Limbic System

24. Individual Differences in Brains

25. Neurons, Membranes, and Electrical Potentials

26. Neuronal Membrane

27. Ion Concentration Gradients

28. Summation of EPSPs and IPSPs

29. Ion Flow in 5 Phases of the Action Potential

30. Synaptic Transmission and Brain Neurochemistry

31. Transmission at the Synapse

32. Brain Neurotransmitter Pathways

33. Drug Effects on Neurotransmission

34. Consciousness and Sleep EEG Stages in Wakefulness and Sleep

35. Cortical Functions and Their Measurement: Vision as a Prototype

36. Receptive Fields

37. Dorsal (“Where”) and Ventral (“What”) Visual Streams in Human (PET) Dorsal (where) pathway shown in green and blueand Ventral (what) pathway shown in yellow and redserve different functions. (Courtesy of Leslie Ungerleider).

38. Visual Attention:Color, Form, and Movement Activation remaining after divided condition subtracted from each of 3 focal attention conditions. Red boxes = color activation. Yellow boxes = motion activation. (Courtesy of Posner and Raichle).

39. Developmental Neuroscience Halo response of an embryonic chick ganglion after incubation with nerve growth factor. (Courtesy of Rita Levi-Montalcini)

40. Photographs of Human Fetal Brain Development Lateral view of the human brain shown at one-third size at several stages of fetal development.Note the gradual emergence of gyri and sulci.

41. Eight Phases in Embryonic and Fetal Development at a Cellular Level • Mitosis/Proliferation • Migration • Differentiation • Aggregation • Synaptogenesis • Neuron Death • Synapse Rearrangement • Myelination 8 stages are sequential for a given neuron, but all are occurring simultaneously throughout fetal development

42. Recovery from Aphasia: Imaging Neural Correlates Metabolic correlates of recovery in 2 patients. Perilesional regions near damaged left inferior frontal gyrus identified by single subject fMRI analysis. Rosen et al. (2000) Neurology, 55,1883-1894.

43. Behavioral Remediation for Dyslexia: Imaging Brain Outcomes Phonological training in dyslexics who have little or no activation in left neocortical regions activated during reading in normal children results in increased activation in critical regions on the left AND increased activation in homologous right neocortex. Temple et al. (2003) PNAS, 100, 2860-2865.

44. Emotion: Normal and Abnormal

45. Papez Circuit (1937)

46. Orbital Frontal Cortex and Impaired Social and Sexual Behavior After an on-the-job explosion blew a 13-pound tamping rod straight through Gage's head, the well-liked construction foreman remained conscious. He was able to talk and even walked to the cart that took him to Cavendish, Vermont where he was treated by Dr. John Martyn Harlow.

47. Hypofunctionality and/or Lesions of Orbitofrontal Cortex Affect Emotion

48. Fear Conditioning: Parallel Circuits in Humans and Rodents

49. Neurobiology of Memory, Memory Impairment, and Dementia Normal Brain AD Brain

50. Long Term Potentiation