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PROJECT PREPARATION Surface Drainage Module

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PROJECT PREPARATION Surface Drainage Module

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    1. PROJECT PREPARATION Surface Drainage Module Specifying Surface Drainage Structures to Solve Problem Areas on Trails

    2. R1 Trails Project Preparation 2 Objective Objective of this topic is to educate those preparing projects on: The importance of managing water on or within the trail tread Being able to identify problems Prescribing efficient solutions

    3. R1 Trails Project Preparation 3 Fundamentals of Surface & Subsurface Water Issues Surface Water Issues Sheet Runoff Concentrated within Channels

    4. R1 Trails Project Preparation 4 Water Issues (cont.) Soil Types Litter

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    11. R1 Trails Project Preparation 11 Surface Drainage Structures Waterbars Open Top Drains Drain Dips Culverts Check dams Outsloping Ditches Berms

    12. R1 Trails Project Preparation 12 WATERBARS

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    16. R1 Trails Project Preparation 16 Rock and Log Waterbars Intended Uses Recommended Stock Hikers Not Recommended Motorized (use drain dips or belted) Mountain Bikes (use drain dips)

    17. R1 Trails Project Preparation 17 Rock and Log Waterbars Limitations Rock Waterbars Availability of adequate rock Sandy soils Log Waterbars Availability of local native sources Treated sensitivities within wilderness

    18. R1 Trails Project Preparation 18 Rock and Log Waterbars Costs Rock Waterbars Availability of adequate rock Could last forever Log Waterbars Availability of local native sources Native lasts only 8-12 years, depending on species and local moisture Treated could last 30 – 50 years Maintenance

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    34. R1 Trails Project Preparation 34 DRAIN DIPS

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    37. R1 Trails Project Preparation 37 Drain Dips Intended Uses Recommended Stock Hikers Motorized (use drain dips or belted) Mountain Bikes (use drain dips)

    38. R1 Trails Project Preparation 38 Drain Dips Limitations Difficult to install on reconstruction of steep grades

    39. R1 Trails Project Preparation 39 Drain Dips Costs Same as for tread construction Lasts as long as the tread Maintenance Easy to maintain

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    41. R1 Trails Project Preparation 41 CULVERTS

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    46. R1 Trails Project Preparation 46 Culverts Intended Uses Recommended Stock Hikers Motorized (use drain dips or belted) Mountain Bikes (use drain dips)

    47. R1 Trails Project Preparation 47 Culverts Limitations Depth and Size Plastic or Metal, advantages/disadvantages for Setting and Transport Plastic does not handle wildfire well

    48. R1 Trails Project Preparation 48 Culverts Costs Increase cost of metal culverts Maintenance Catch basin and outlet must be kept functional Pipe must be kept cleaned out to prevent plugging

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    56. R1 Trails Project Preparation 56 CHECK DAMS

    57. R1 Trails Project Preparation 57

    58. R1 Trails Project Preparation 58 Check Dams Intended Uses Recommended Stock Hikers Not Recommended Motorized (use drain dips or belted) Mountain Bikes (use drain dips)

    59. R1 Trails Project Preparation 59 Check Dams Limitations Difficult to properly install Require future maintenance and monitoring

    60. R1 Trails Project Preparation 60 Check Dams Costs Relatively inexpensive to install Maintenance Requires future maintenance and monitoring

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    63. R1 Trails Project Preparation 63 OUTSLOPING

    64. R1 Trails Project Preparation 64 Outsloping Build in during construction, reconstruction, or maintenance Preferred on trail classes 1-3 Harder to maintain on high-class, high-use trails Use in combination with cross drains, particularly in high risk situations, such as below side channels

    65. R1 Trails Project Preparation 65

    66. R1 Trails Project Preparation 66 DITCHES

    67. R1 Trails Project Preparation 67 Ditches Start with substantial size, allows to grow in and minimizes future maintainace Control gradient Provide adequate daylighting Depth depends on local conditions

    68. R1 Trails Project Preparation 68 Ditches (cont) Use to lower ground water or intercept overland flow Commonly used in combination with other structures such as turnpike Relieve water from ditch frequently Averages $4 per lineal foot Wide and deep ditches last much longer without maintenance

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    71. R1 Trails Project Preparation 71 BERMS

    72. R1 Trails Project Preparation 72 Berms Rarely constructed, develop over time due to tread erosion, movement Remove when not near stream channel, at minimum, open frequent holes When next to streams, leave berms until water from tread can be removed with filtration zone Can tend to keep stock within tread and off outside edge

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    76. R1 Trails Project Preparation 76 End Surface Drainage

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