An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology: Structures, Functions, and Scientific Method

1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

2. Anatomy • Describes the structures of the body: • what they are made of • where they are located • associated structures

3. Physiology • Is the study of: • functions of anatomical structures • individual and cooperative functions

4. Specialties of Anatomy (1 of 3) • Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy examines large, visible structures: • surface anatomy: • exterior features • regional anatomy: • body areas

5. Specialties of Anatomy (2 of 3) • systemic anatomy: • groups of organs working together • developmental anatomy: • from egg (embryology) to maturity • clinical anatomy: • medical specialties

6. Specialties of Anatomy (3 of 3) • Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules: • cytology: • cells and their structures • cyt = cell • histology: • tissues and their structures

7. Specialties of Physiology • Cell physiology: • processes within and between cells • Special physiology: • functions of specific organs • Systemic physiology: • functions of an organ system • Pathological physiology: • effects of diseases

8. The Scientific Method: A powerful way of “knowing”. • Starts with a question or problem, based on observations of the natural world. • Propose a hypothesis, a possible answer that presents a reasonable explanation or solution. • Make a prediction that tests the hypothesis. • Design an experiment to see if the prediction is correct. Example: • Problem: The computer cannot connect to the internet. • Hypothesis: The cable is faulty. • Prediction: If I use the cable from my roommate’s laptop, which is working, I should be able to connect. • Experiment: Connect the known good cable and try to connect. • (Using a cable that is known to be good and changing just that one thing while keeping the rest the same provides a “control”)

9. The Hierarchy of Structural Organization

10. Organizing a Muscle • Protein molecules (chemical level) • Protein filaments (organelle level) • Muscle cells (cellular level) • Cardiac muscle tissue (tissue level) • Heart (organ level)

11. Mechanisms of Regulation • Autoregulation (intrinsic): • automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ • Extrinsic regulation: • responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

12. Homeostasis

13. Homeostasis is controlled by feedback loopsExample of negative feed back: blood glucose regulation

14. A positive feed back mechanism:blood clotting and wound healing

15. Integration means working together • Systems integration: • systems work together to maintain homeostasis

16. Anatomical Landmarks Figure 1–6

17. Positional terms • Anatomical position: • hands at sides, palms forward • Supine: • lying down, face up • Prone: • lying down, face down

18. Quadrants and Regions • 4 abdominopelvic quadrants around umbilicus

19. 9 abdominopelvic regions Figure 1–7b

20. Internal organs associated with abdominopelvic regions Figure 1–7c

21. Which Direction? • Lateral: • side view • Frontal: • front view • Anatomical direction: • refers to the patient’s left or right

22. Which Direction?

23. 3 Dimensions • Plane: • a 3-dimensional axis • Section: • a slice parallel to a plane

24. 3 Dimensions

25. The Ventral Body Cavity • Coelom: • divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

26. Serous membranes The pericardium

27. The 11 organ systems -Some structural associations Integumentary - skin Skeletal - bones, cartilage, joints Muscular - skeletal cardiac and smooth Nervous - central & peripheral, voluntary & involuntary Endocrine - glands & hormones Cardiovascular - blood, blood vessels & the heart Lymphatic & Immune - lymph vessels, organs, tissues & cells Respiratory - nasal structures, larynx, airways & lungs Digestive - alimentary canal & accessory organs Urinary - kidneys, ureters & urethra Reproductive - gonads, accessory organs (primary and secondary structures)

28. The 11 organ systems -Some general functions Integumentary - protection, water regulation, endocrine Skeletal - protection, support, movement Muscular - movement, transportation, heat Nervous - communication & control, rapid to intermediate Endocrine - communication & control, short to long term Cardiovascular - transportation, thermal regulation, defenses, water Lymphatic & Immune - water balance, absorption, immunity Respiratory - gas exchange Digestive - absorption, energy storage & production, filtration Urinary - water & pH balance, blood pressure, toxin removal Reproductive -makin’ babies!

29. Some main points: • Scientific method • Hypothesis • Theory • law • Complementarity of structure and function • Hierarchy of structural organization • Atoms • Molecules • Compounds • Biochemical • Organelles • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Organ systems (we organize them into distinct 11 systems) • Organisms • Populations • Homeostasis - the balancing act of living systems • Negative feedback • Positive feedback

30. Fin