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THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY. From Aristotle to Austria to America. PERHAPS THE MOST FASCINATING AND MYSTERIOUS UNIVERSE OF ALL IS THE ONE WITHIN US. PSYCHOLOGY DEFINED. Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

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THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

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  1. THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY From Aristotle to Austria to America

  2. PERHAPS THE MOST FASCINATING AND MYSTERIOUS UNIVERSE OF ALL IS THE ONE WITHIN US.

  3. PSYCHOLOGY DEFINED • Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. • A professional practitioner or researchers is called a psychologist. • The term psychology literally means the study of the soul. It derives from the Greek word psyche meaning “breath”, “spirit”, or “soul” and logia, meaning the “study of.”

  4. HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY • Philosophical interest in the mind and behavior dates back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China and India. • Greek philosophers like Thales, Socrates, and Aristotle dealt with questions of nature versus nurture. They debated the nature pleasure and pain, motivation, desire, free will, memory and our perception of the world. • In the 8th century, Islamic physicians in Fez, Morocco, used practices that resembled psychotherapy to treat mental patients. That was 1000 years before Sigmund Freud “established” the practice. Aristotle

  5. PLATO 387 B.C.

  6. Innate ideas – Suggests the brain is the seat of mental processes. PLATO – GREEK PHILOSOPHER

  7. epistemology • What is knowledge? • How do we get knowledge? • What justifies a belief and makes it knowledge? • What is realism? • What is idealism?

  8. ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE

  9. ARISTOTLE 335 B.C.FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY

  10. Denied Innate ideas – Suggests that the heart is the seat of mental processes ARISTOTLE – GREEK PHILOSOPHER

  11. MONISM VS. DUALISM • Monism – A Greek idea that held that all things are linked and inseparable, including the body and mind. • Dualism – The body and the mind are separate. Rene Descartes, the French philosopher, surmised that the body and the soul were separate entities only somewhat dependent on each other. • What is the nature of the soul? Descartes: “The sense perceptions and physical passions of humans depends on the body, but awareness of them is the job for the soul.”

  12. 1600 Monism- Brain and Nervous System Dualism (Descartes)- Body(Physical) Mind(Spiritual) Pineal Gland

  13. FRANCIS BACON • One of the founders of modern science • Human mind and its failings • Theories centered on experiment, experience, and common sense judgment

  14. NATIVISTS VS. EMPIRICISTS • Nativists – Innate Truth (nature) - Descartes • Empiricists – Blank Slate learned through sensory experiences (nurture) – John Locke TABULA RASA

  15. MY HEAD IS BIGGER SO I’M A BETTER PERSON THAN YOU… • The German physician Franz Joseph Gall introduced the theory of Phrenology in 1808. • Phrenology holds that traits and abilities reside in certain parts of the brain, and • Can be measured by bumps and indentations in the skull.

  16. PHRENOLOGY

  17. 1859 – CHARLES DARWIN • Evolutionary process of natural selection • Using animals in psychological research

  18. 1879: BIRTH OF PSYCHOLOGY • Wilhelm Wundt • University of Leipzig, Germany • Established first Psychology Laboratory in 1879. • Defined psychology as the study of consciousness. He used scientific methods to study fundamental psychological processes, such as mental reaction times in response to visual or auditory stimuli.

  19. TITCHENER AND STRUCTURALISM • Edward B. Titchener • A student of Wundt • Structuralism, the first major school of thought in psychology, maintains that complex conscious experiences can be broken down into elemental structures or parts of sensations and feelings. • Introspection

  20. 1880: AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY • William James • Functionalism emphasized studying the purpose behaviors and mental experiences. • Offered the first course in Experimental Psychology at Harvard University.

  21. 1883: FIRST AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY LABORATORY • G. Stanley Hall, a student of James, became the first Ph.D. in psychology in the United States in 1878. • Founded the first psychology research laboratory in the U.S. at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. • Founded the American Psychological Association (APA).

  22. STUDENTS OF WILLIAM JAMES MARGARET FLOY WASHBURN MARY WHITON CALKINS • Wellesley College – Teacher of experimental psychology • Harvard University refused to award her a Ph.D. in psychology • Researched dreams, memory and personality • 1st female president of APA • Titchener’s first doctoral student at Cornell University • Female to earn the first official Ph.D. in psychology • Mental processes in different animals • The Animal Mind • 2nd female president of APA

  23. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION http://www.apa.org/

  24. A TIMELINE OF PSYCHOLOGY

  25. 1889: SIGMUND FREUD • Theory of Psychoanalysis • The Interpretation of Dreams. • Freud believed glimpses of the unconscious could be revealed in dreams, memory blocks, slips of the tongue and humor.

  26. WATSON AND BEHAVIORISM1913/1920 • Behaviorism focused on overt, observable behaviors that could be measured and verified. • The goal of Behaviorism is to discover the fundamental principles of learning – how behavior is acquired and modified in response to environmental influences. • Watson & Rosalie Raynor – Little Albert

  27. BEHAVIORAL THEORY B.F. Skinner - 1938 Ivan Pavlov - 1905 • Russian physiologist • Conditioned Responses • Pavlovian dogs • Operant conditioning • Reinforcement & Punishment • Rats and pigeons • Skinner Box

  28. ERIK ERIKSON - 1950 • Stages of Psychosocial Development

  29. HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY • Carl Rogers - 1951 • Humanistic Psychology emphasizes each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction. • Self-determination, free will and the importance of choice are important in psychological growth.

  30. ABRAHAM MASLOW - 1954 • Motivation & Personality • Psychological Motives • Physiological Needs • Self-actualization • Hierarchy of Needs

  31. COGNITIVE REVOLUTION • How does the mind process and retain information? • Human Vision • Phantom Limbs • Evolution of Language • Mirror Neurons • Theories of Autism • Cognitive Neuroscience

  32. WHICH SCHOOL Psychology should study how behavior and mental processes allows organisms to adapt to their environment. School/Approach? Founder?

  33. WHICH SCHOOL Psychology should emphasize each person’s unique potential for psychological growth and self-directedness. School/Approach? Founder?

  34. WHICH SCHOOL Psychology should focus on elements of conscious experiences, using the method of introspection. School/Approach? Founder?

  35. WHICH SCHOOL Human Behavior is strong influenced by unconscious sexual and aggressive conflicts. School/Approach? Founder?

  36. WHICH SCHOOL Psychology should scientifically investigate observable behaviors that can be measured objectively and should not study consciousness or mental processes. School/Approach? Founder?

  37. LESSON #2 CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY

  38. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION http://www.apa.org/

  39. RESEARCH BASIC • The quest for knowledge for knowledge • Laboratories/Natural Experiments APPLIED • Designed to solve specific, practical problems • Uses principles discovered through basic research

  40. GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY • To describe how people and other species behave • To understand the causes of these behaviors • To predict how people and animals will behave under certain conditions • To influence behavior through the control of its causes • To apply psychological knowledge in ways that enhance human welfare

  41. NATURE – NURTURE ISSUE BIOLOGY VS. EXPERIENCE

  42. APPROACHESTOPSYCHOLOGY

  43. BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH • BIOLOGICAL LEVEL OF ANALYSIS – Analyze behavior in terms of brain functioning, hormones, genetics, and evolution • PSYCHOLOGICAL LEVEL OF ANALYSIS – Cognitive, psychodynamic, and humanistic examination of human behavior • SOCIAL-CULTURAL LEVEL OF ANALYSIS – Behavioral and Socio-cultural examination of stimuli in physical and social environment shape human behavior

  44. PERSPECTIVES • Psychodynamic • Behavioral • Humanistic • Cognitive (Gestalt Psychology) • Socio-Cultural • Biological • Evolutionary

  45. Biological Perspective The study of physical bases of human and animal behavior including the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics. Relevant to the study of Psychology in 3 ways: • Comparative method: • Physiology • Inheritance Biological Psychologists believe factors such as chromosomes, hormones and the brain have a significant influence on human behavior.

  46. Biological Perspective Advancements in technology, such as the PET scan and MRIs, have allowed researchers to investigate the structure and activity of the brain. • Neuroscientists-scientists who specialize in the study of the brain and nervous system. A criticism of Biological Psychology: has a strong tendency to reductionism. • Reductionism: theories sometimes oversimplify systems that are actually very complex.

  47. NEUROBIOLOGICAL • Biological processes influence behaviors • Genetic factors influence behaviors • Brain chemistry, nervous system, and hormones • Localization of Function – Phineas Gage

  48. Evolutionary Perspective Applying the principles of evolution to explain psychological processes and phenomena Charles Darwin • Wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, his first book on evolution, in 1859. • The Theory of Evolution -proposes the idea that individuals fight for survival • Species change over time and space.  • All organisms share common ancestors with other organisms. • Evolutionary change is gradual and slow

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