Lección 6: Gramática

1. Lección 6: Gramática 1. Verbosquecambian en la raíz: o > ue 2.Verbosquecambian en la raíz: e > i 3.Pronombresusadoscomocomplementodirecto 4.Expresionesafirmativas y negativas 5. Hace... Que

2. Verbosquecambian en la raíz: o > ue (1) • As you learned before, some Spanish verbs undergo a stem change in the present indicative tense. When o is the last stem vowel and it is stressed, it changes to ue, as shown below.

3. Verbosquecambian en la raíz: o > ue (2)

4. Verbosquecambian en la raíz: o > ue (3) • Note that the stem vowel is not stressed in the verb forms used with nosotros(as) and vosotros(as); therefore, the o does not change to ue.Some other verbs that undergo the o > ue changes: almorzarcostardormir(to sleep) encontrarrecordarvolver

5. Verbosquecambian en la raíz: o > ue (4) - ¿A quéhorapuedenUds. ir a la panadería? “What time can you go to the bakery?” -Podemosir a las dos. “We can go at two o’clock.”

6. Verbosquecambian en la raíz: o > ue (5) - ¿A quéhoravuelvestú del mercado? “At what time do you return from the market?” -Vuelvoa lastres. “I return at three o’clock.”

7. Verbosquecambian en la raíz: e > i(1) • Some -ir verbs undergo a stem change in the present indicative. For these verbs, when e is the last stem vowel and it is stressed, it changes to i as shown below.

8. Verbosquecambian en la raíz: e > i(2) • Note that the stem vowel is not stressed in the verb forms used with nosotros(as) and vosotros(as); therefore, the e does not change to i.

9. Verbosquecambian en la raíz: e > i(3) • Some other verbs that undergo the e > ichange: decir(to say, to tell)conseguirpedirseguir(to follow, to continue)

10. Verbosquecambian en la raíz: e > i(4) - ¿A quéhorasirvenUds. el almuerzo? “What time do you serve lunch?” -Servimosel almuerzo a lasdoce. “We serve lunch at twelve o’clock.”

11. Verbosquecambian en la raíz: e > i(5) - ¿Dóndeconsigueslibros en español? “Where do you get books in Spanish?” -Consigolibros en la biblioteca. “I get books at the library.”

12. Pronombresusadoscomocomplementodirecto (1) • In addition to a subject, most sentences have an object that directly receives the action of the verbs. Élcomprael café. S.     V.         D.O. He buys the coffee.

13. Pronombresusadoscomocomplementodirecto (2) • In the preceding sentence, the subject él performs the action, while el café,the direct object, directly receives the action of the verb. (The direct object of a sentence can be either a person or a thing.)

14. Pronombresusadoscomocomplementodirecto (3) • The direct object can be easily identified as the answer to the questions whom? and what? Élcomprael café. (What is he buying?) S.      V.        D.O. Alicia llama a Luis. (Whom is she calling?) S.     V.      D.O.

15. Pronombresusadoscomocomplementodirecto (4) • Direct object pronouns are used in place of direct objects. The forms of the direct object pronouns are as follows.

16. Pronombresusadoscomocomplementodirecto (5)

17. Pronombresusadoscomocomplementodirecto (6) Position of direct object pronouns • In Spanish, object pronouns are normally placed before a conjugated verb.

18. Pronombresusadoscomocomplementodirecto (7) • In a negative sentence, no must precede the object pronoun.

19. Pronombresusadoscomocomplementodirecto (8) • When a conjugated verb and an infinitive appear together, the direct object pronoun is either placed before the conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive. This is also the case in a negative sentence.

20. Pronombresusadoscomocomplementodirecto (9)

21. Pronombresusadoscomocomplementodirecto (10) • In the present progressive, the direct object pronoun can be placed either before the verb estar or after the present participle. • Note the use of the written accent on present participles that have pronouns attached: estáleyéndolo,estamosmirándola.

22. Expresionesafirmativas y negativas (1)

23. Expresionesafirmativas y negativas (2) - ¿Uds. siempre van a Tegucigalpa? “Do you always go to Tegucigalpa?” - No, nuncavamos. “No, we never go.” - Nosotrostampoco. “Neither do we.”

24. Expresionesafirmativas y negativas (3) - ¿Conoces a alguien de Honduras? “Do you know anyone from Honduras?” - No, no conozco a nadie de Honduras. “No, I don’t know anyonefrom Honduras.”

25. Expresionesafirmativas y negativas (4) • Alguno and ninguno drop the final -o before a masculine singular noun, but alguna and ninguna keep the final -a. - ¿Hay algúnlibro o algunapluma en la mesa? “Is there any book or pen on the table?” - No, no hay ningúnlibroniningunapluma. “No, there is no book or pen.”

26. Expresionesafirmativas y negativas (5) • Alguno(a) can be used in the plural form, but ninguno(a) is used only in the singular. —¿Necesitamandaralgunascartas? “Do you need to send some letters?” —No, no necesitomandarningunacarta. “No, I don’t need to send any letters.”

27. Expresionesafirmativas y negativas (6) • Spanish sentences frequently use a double negative. In this construction, the adverb no is placed before the verb. The second negative word either follows the verb or appears at the end of the sentence. No is never used, however, if the negative word precedes the verb.

28. Expresionesafirmativas y negativas (7) —¿HablaUd. francéssiempre? “Do you always speak French?” —No, yonohablofrancésnunca. “No, I never speak French.” or: —No, yonuncahablofrancés.

29. Expresionesafirmativas y negativas (8) —¿CompraUd. algoaquí? “Do you buy anything here?” —No, nocompronadanunca.“No, I never buy anything.” or: —No, yonuncacompronada. • In fact, Spanish often uses several negatives in one sentence. Yonuncapidonada tampoco. I never ask for anythingeither.

30. Expresionesafirmativas y negativas (9)

31. Hace... Que (1) • To express how long something has been going on, Spanish uses the followingformula.

32. Hace... Que (2) - Oye, ¿dóndeestá Eva? “Listen, where is Eva?” - No sé. Hace dos díasque no viene a clase. “I don’t know. She hasn’t come to class for two days.”

33. Hace... Que (3) • The following construction is used to ask how long something has been going on.

34. Hace... Que (3) - ¿Cuántotiempohacequeellatrabajaaquí? “How long has she been working here?” - Haceunasemanaquetrabajaaquí. “She has been working here for a week.”