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SPATE IRRIGATION IN PAKISTAN

Pakistan has the single largest area under spate irrigation ... Spate irrigation in Pakistan where? Kacchi, Sibi, Jal Magsi, Kharan, Qila Saifullah, ...

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SPATE IRRIGATION IN PAKISTAN

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    Slide 1:SPATE IRRIGATION IN PAKISTAN

    1.3

    Slide 2:History of spate irrigation in Pakistan

    Some bunds in Balochistan are more than 5000 years old The construction of spurs and bunds in the Bolan river (Balochistan) during dry period was one of first opportunities to control surface flows and resulted in strong population increase In 2600 BC Source: French Archeological Mission

    Slide 3:Spate irrigation - globally

    Pakistan has the single largest area under spate irrigation The area is 9% of the total irrigated area Even so it is completely ignored

    Slide 4:Spate irrigation in Pakistan where?

    HILL TORRENT AREAS

    Slide 6:DI KHAN

    Slide 7:TANK

    Slide 8:TAUNSA AREA

    Slide 9:DG KHAN

    Slide 10:KACCHI PLAINS

    Slide 11:KACCHI PLAINS MIDDLE SECTION

    as elsewhere based on earthen bunds distance from river as important as head tail huge fields many braiding stream (flat gradient)

    Slide 13:Type of spate irrigation (2) smaller systems coastal Las Bela, interior Balochistan, smaller rivers from Koh-i-Sulaiman and Kirthar Range

    Slide 14:Type of spate irrigation (3) mini systems mountain systems

    Slide 15:General typology

    Spate irrigation in Pakistan: Worlds largest area under spate irrigation: 1.4 M ha! Equivalent to 9% of canal irrigated area Completely neglected Very low productivity compared to other countries Major poverty pocket in the country Important environmental functions Some areas short range from mountain to Indus Special characteristics Based on large earthen bunds and deflectors Overstretched area command area compared to floods is large many areas only irrigation < 1 in 5 years Few floods (<5), elsewhere more floods Large fields Mainly flat and sandy areas Interventions Based on failed civil engineering concepts not appropriate to spate system high failure rate (65%) Lost its dynamism no new development Role of local government in management was positive but is weakened Spate irrigation seen as nuisance (flood damage) not as potential

    Slide 16:Potentials

    Potential is large: Water management: Revive and resource local management by communities and local government Rationalize area under spate irrigation Ensure affordable availability of bulldozers in public or private sector Stay away from inappropriate civil engineering solutions, such as weirs and flood storage dams. Instead attenuate and regulate flood patterns Appropriate civil engineering solutions are: flow dividers, fixing flood canal inlets, bed stabilizers, improved/ strengthened earthen bunds (gabion sections, abutments), guide bunds, controlled field inlets and overflow structures Improve drinking water supply improved shallow ponds and subsurface dams Combine spate irrigation with groundwater use and recharge

    Slide 17:Potentials

    Potential is large: Agronomy and livestock: Improved soil moisture conservation (mulching, ploughing, improved equipment) Improve yield of major crops such as sorghum by better varieties and better soil moisture conservation in Eritrea yield of sorghum is 8 times more!! Better marketing and processing of promising minor crops (guar, sesame for instance) Improve prospects for local vegetables and medicinal plants Spate irrigated forestry (gum arabica) Improve local livestock varieties (Bagh Nari) Improved fodder for livestock

    Slide 18:Potentials

    Potential is large, if managed well: Environment Stabilizes the area, avoid desertification Recharge of groundwater Local wetlands and lakes High biodiversity, indigeneous plants Low external input (organic) farming

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