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A D G B E H C F I

470-476 - Describe the growth of the Protestant Reformation into new churches. - Compare and contrast these new churches. A D G B E H C F I. Memorize the order of these letters and lines. The Protestant Reformation. B. Calvinism.

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A D G B E H C F I

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  1. 470-476 - Describe the growth of the Protestant Reformationinto new churches. - Compare and contrast these new churches.

  2. A D GB E HC F I Memorize the order of these letters and lines.

  3. The Protestant Reformation B

  4. Calvinism • John Calvin was the person most responsible for the spread of Protestantism. • Believed God had called him to reform the church in Geneva, Switzerland in 1541 and published The Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536-1559): • Believed in the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and the total weakness of humanity. • Man does not have free will, and therefore cannot earn salvation, but rather, God decided at the beginning of time who would be saved or damned, called predestination(aka Doctrine of Election). • Calvin taught followers to master the Scriptures and memorize his Genevan Catechism of questions and answers summarizing their faith. • Geneva was organized much like a theocracy (rule by religious authority) governed by the Genevan Consistory:

  5. Calvinism • Geneva was organized much like a theocracy (rule by religious authority) governed by the Genevan Consistory : • Group included 12 laymen and the “Company of Pastors”. • Authority punish people for missing sermons, criticizing ministers, dancing, card playing, family quarrels and drinking. • Harshest punishment though was reserved for religious dissenters such as Michael Sevetuss who was burned at the stake.

  6. Calvinism • Calvin’s influence: • His church at Geneva served as a model for other Protestant Churches: • Presbyterianism in Scotland • Huguenots in France (French Calvinists) • Puritans in England (and later New England) • Women enjoyed greater participation in the church. • Reinforced some earlier medieval ideas, exalting marriage, the authority of the husband and wife’s duty to obey. • Encouraged secularization of welfare with the support of wealthy women. John Calvin John Calvin's theology was similar to Luther's. Both reformers gave primary importance to the authority of the Bible and to the idea of predestination.

  7. Calvinist worship: This painting, the Temple of Lyons,  was attributed to Jean Perrissin (ca. 1565). This is a picture of a simple Calvinist service. Here men and women are segregated. Beside the pulpit an hourglass hangs to time the preacher's sermon. .

  8. Anabaptists • Literally to mean “to baptize again”, this group believed only in adult baptism, since there is no scriptural basis for infant baptism. • They took the Gospel literally, and wanted to return the Christian church to it’s early beginnings; a voluntary association of believers who shared an “inner light”. • Religiously tolerant of other faiths. • Each Anabaptist church was entirely independent of other Anabaptist communities. • Also allowed women into the ministry. • They shared all goods, refused all public offices and refused to serve in the armed forces (pacifism). • Separation of church and state or “secularization” of society led Catholics and Protestants to persecute the Anabaptists. • Anabaptist leader Conrad Grebel, was a target of other groups.

  9. Anabaptists • Also allowed women into the ministry. • They shared all goods, refused all public offices and refused to serve in the armed forces (pacifism). • Separation of church and state or “secularization” of society led Catholics and Protestants to persecute the Anabaptists. • Anabaptist leader Conrad Grebel, was a target of other groups. • Later, Anabaptist idea of separation of church and state was adopted by groups such as the Quakers, Baptists, Congregationalist as well as the authors of the U.S. Constitution.

  10. 470-476 (Day 2) - Describe the growth of the Protestant Reformationinto new churches. - Compare and contrast these new churches.

  11. English Reformation was unique in that it was based on the personal matter of King Henry VIII wanting a divorce in order to produce a male heir to the throne. 1527: Henry wants marriage with Catherine annulled (produced Mary), so he can marry Ann Boleyn, but was denied by Pope Clement VII. 1533: Henry issued The Act in Restraint of Appeals which made the king supreme head of England. 1534: The Supremacy Act- made the king head of the Church of England separating Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. Some clergy rejected this action, such as John Fisher and Thomas More, who were both beheaded! 1536: When the new Queen Anne Boleyn failed to produce a male heir (produced Elizabeth), she was charged with incest, and beheaded! ENGLISH REFORMATION: The Anglican Church

  12. 1536: When the new Queen Anne Boleyn failed to produce a male heir (produced Elizabeth), she was charged with incest, and beheaded! Henry next marries Jane Seymour who gives the king a son, Edward, but she dies in childbirth. By 1539: Henry’s chief minister Thomas Cromwell dissolved all monasteries and sold properties to raise money for the Crown. What were the RESULTS of this break with the Catholic Church? 1536 Some civil disorder such as the Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular uprising that was quickly crushed by the King’s forces. King won support from nobles who purchased new lands. Made the bureaucracy in England larger by creating new offices such as the Exchequer (treasury). ENGLISH REFORMATION: The Anglican Church

  13. Mary Catherine Elizabeth Anne Boleyn THE KING’S GREAT MATTER Edward VI Jane Seymour

  14. Only son of Henry, rules after father dies in 1547. Has Archbishop Thomas Cranmar write Book of Common Prayer. Became king at nine, tutored by Protestants, died from several sicknesses in 1553. Edward VI

  15. Became queen after Edward died 1553. Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon, nicknamed “Bloody Mary”. Married her Catholic cousin Philip II of Spain. Very unpopular. Mary Tudor

  16. Became queen of after Mary died in 1558. Daughter of Ann Boleyn. Protestant, but tolerant. “Elizabethan Settlement” required conformity in public, but not private. “Thirty Nine Articles” became the basis of the Anglican Church. Elizabeth I

  17. CHURCH OF SCOTLANDPresbyterian Church • Unlike the English Reformation, the monarchy was weak and faced a stronger Parliament of nobles who wanted religious reforms. • James V and daughter Mary Queen of Scots (strongly Catholic) allied with the French to oppose it, while Scottish nobles supported the Protestants. • In 1559, John Knox studied with Calvin in Geneva and tried to create a Calvinist Church in Scotland. • In 1560, Knox was able to persuade the Scottish Parliament to end ties with the Catholic Church and create a new state chuch. • What ideas did Knox support?

  18. CHURCH OF SCOTLANDPresbyterian Church • What ideas did Knox support? • Abolished the Mass in Scotland. • Established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland – a Calvinist church as the official state church. • Presbyters (ministers) governed the new church. • His Book of Common Order (1564) became the official liturgy • Maintained close relations with English Puritans.

  19. Protestantism in Ireland • English viewed the Irish as barbarians and eventually felt it was too costly to force Anglican Church on the Irish. • 1536 King Henry VIII ordered the Irish Parliament (controlled by English nobles) to approve English laws breaking with the Catholic Church and “The Church of Ireland” was formed. • This new church followed the English pattern and was accepted by the English landlords, BUT not the majority of the Irish who remained Catholic. • Catholic property was seized, and the Catholic Church was forced underground. • Since the Catholic clergy was driven underground, they acted not only as religious leaders, but also political leaders opposed to English influence and political control over Ireland.

  20. Lutheranism in Sweden, Norway and Denmark • Monarchs took the lead in these countries and established state churches: • 1520 Gustavuus Vasa won independence for Sweden from Denmark, established Lutheranism. • Christian III of Denmark and Norway seized Catholic property and established the Lutheran Church. • Reformer Olaus Petri translated N.T. into Swedish language (vernacular) which helped consolidate the Swedish Monarchy.

  21. Reformation in Eastern Europe • Reformation was driven by ethnic factors due to the heterogeneous population of Eastern Europe. • Bohemia: (Czech) • Czech people adopted Jan Hus’ Utraquism (both species) and when Luther approved of Utraquism, Lutheranism spread quickly in the 1520s. • Catholic King Ferdinand was tolerant of Lutheranism as were his successors King Maximilian II and King Rudolf II, however, the Council of Trent caused a bit of a Catholic revival in Bohemia.

  22. Reformation in Eastern Europe • Reformation was driven by ethnic factors due to the heterogeneous population of Eastern Europe. • Poland-Lithuania: • The nobility (szlachta) takes the lead due to a weak monarch that controlled both territories, but retained separate officials, courts and armies. • King Sigismund I banned Luther’s teachings, but the szlachta was drawn to Calvin’s idea of church elders. • Some popular leaders converted to Calvinism including Jan Laski, however, many supported Catholicism, such as Stanislaus Hosius. • In 1650, the Jesuit’s restore Catholicism to the region.

  23. Reformation in Eastern Europe • Hungary: • In 1526 King Louis II died in the Battle of Mohacs, and the Ottoman Turk leader Suleiman takes over Southern Hungary. • The Ottoman Turks were indifferent to religious conflict, caring little about which religion each group practiced as long a “tribute” (tax) was paid, so Hungary was divided between Lutheran (majority), Greek Orthodox and Catholic churches.

  24. Anglicanism Lutheranism Catholicism Calvinism

  25. Practice Free-Response Question • To what degree was controversy about the ceremony of the “mass” central to the Reformation? • Critical of the poor homilies (sermons) by priests since few could read Latin and the Scriptures, (Wycliffe criticized this with his “Lollard Movement”) • Poor quality of homilies also led to “preacherships” • Luther, Zwingli and Calvin supported consubstantiation while the Catholic Church taught transubstantiation during the holy Eucharist. • Catholic church emphasized seven sacraments, but Luther only recognized three (baptism, communion during mass, penance for sins) • Luther taught that faith alone would gain salvation, therefore, no amount of tithe to the church during mass would lead to salvation. • Early reformer Jan Hus taught utraquism (Eucharist in both species) as opposed by the Catholic Church teaching of believers only receiving the body of Christ during the mass.

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