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Rise of England – Anglo-Saxon Settlement

Rise of England – Anglo-Saxon Settlement. Alfred the Great. Strong ruler from Wessex Accomplishments: Resisted Danish Invasion Strengthened local administration Shires, shire-reeve Strong character Danish ruler Canute tried to take over Britain

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Rise of England – Anglo-Saxon Settlement

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  1. Rise of England – Anglo-Saxon Settlement

  2. Alfred the Great • Strong ruler from Wessex • Accomplishments: • Resisted Danish Invasion • Strengthened local administration • Shires, shire-reeve • Strong character • Danish ruler Canute tried to take over Britain • Edward the Confessor’s victory over the Danes

  3. William the Conqueror • From Normandy, France • Contested the throne with Harold, Earl of Wessex • Battle of Hastings (1066) • William wins • Began the Norman Dynasty • As king, centralized feudalism • Lords became his vassals, called tenants-in-chief • All of England became his fief • Extended authority over English church Pope lost influence in England • Domesday Book – “Census” of people and property; for taxation purposes

  4. Strengthening of Royal Power • Henry II – from the Plantagenet family • Had vast landholdings in France—even more than the French king! • Took several measures to strengthen the English monarchy • Expanded jurisdiction of the royal court system • Developed common law • Ensured justice, unified the people • Appointed his friend, Thomas a Becket, archbishop • However, he became a bitter opponent of Henry’s interference in church affairs.

  5. Limitation of Royal Power • Rule of Richard I • Known as Richard the Lionhearted; fought in the Third Crusade • Only spent 6 months of his ten-year reign in England • His brother and the king of France plotted to overthrow him

  6. King John (Richard’s brother): • Cruel and weak willed • Continual conflict with three “enemies”—the French King, the Pope, and the English nobles—caused the power of the English monarchy to be greatly restricted • French king, Phillip II, took control over John’s French provinces. • John clashed with Pope over appointment of the next bishop of Canterbury • Pope sent a man named Stephen Langton to become the next archbishop • John got furious and lashed out by refusing to allow Stephen into the country. • Pope put England under an interdict and excommunicated King John • Due to the fact that he had no allies, John submitted and became the Pope’s vassal, giving all of England as a fief to the papacy. • Feeling oppressed by high taxation and a disregard for their feudal privileges, the English nobles rebelled • Forced John to sign the Magna Carta, a document that guaranteed the rights of the nobility within their feudal relations.

  7. Development of Parliament • Developed under King Edward I (1272-1307) • There had been a long custom of the English kings seeking counsel from a group of advisors • Witan – Anglo-Saxon gathering of nobles • Curia Regis – William the Conqueror’s “Great Council” • Edward the Confessor enlarged the membership of the “Great Council” to include more members of society • House of Lords – Represented nobility • House of Commons – Represented commoners • Eventually the kings had to get approval from Parliament for new laws • “Power of the Purse” – Could hold back money from the king unless he listened to them • Became a legislative body

  8. Part Four: Rise of France

  9. Royal Foundations – The Capetian House Hugh Capet, Count of France, elected 987

  10. Royal Expansion – King Phillip II (1180-1223) Tripled the size of his domain by gaining land previously held by Plantagenet family

  11. Royal Dignity– Louis IX (1226-1270) • “Ideal” medieval king • Sincerely concerned for justice and peace

  12. Royal Power – Philip IV (1285-1314) • Used taxation to gain power • Accepted by people • Contested by Pope • Established representative body called Estates-General • Began movement of citizens’ loyalties from the church to the state • From his precedent, French monarchy grew without restraint

  13. The Crusades : “Holy” War? • Invasion of Palestine: 11th century • Urban II’s plea: “This royal city . . . Situated at the center of the earth, is now held captive by the enemies of Christ. . . . She seeks, therefore, and desires to be liberated and ceases not to implore you to come to her aid. . . . Wrest that land from the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves.”

  14. Reasons for going: • Personal reasons: • Piety & Service • Desire for adventure • Material & Commercial gain • Violent lifestyle • Roman Church’s influence: • Guarantee of protection for family of Crusader • Pardon for criminals and debtors • Earning of spiritual forgiveness • Jihad

  15. Consequences of the Crusades • Weakened the feudal structure of Europe • Expanded commercial activity of Europe • Strengthened the leadership of the papacy • Opened new horizons—culturally, intellectually, and geographically • Preservation of ancient Greek, Arab, and Indian texts—science, philosophy, literature by Muslims • European warriors’ reencounter with these texts—causal connection to European Renaissance • Relationship between Christianity and Islam further severed to this day • Fear • Resentment • Hatred

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