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Individual Differences and Development

Individual Differences and Development. Individual Differences and Development Participant Variables Age, Sex, Memory Span, IQ. Individual Differences and Development Intelligence Testing. History of Intelligence Tests 1883 - Sir Francis Galton 1905 - Albert Binet

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Individual Differences and Development

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  1. Individual Differences and Development

  2. Individual Differences and Development Participant Variables Age, Sex, Memory Span, IQ

  3. Individual Differences and Development Intelligence Testing

  4. History of Intelligence Tests 1883 - Sir Francis Galton 1905 - Albert Binet 1916 – Lewis Terman (Stanford) IQ = Your Score/Average Score of Peers X 100

  5. relative frequency 130 70 100 IQ Score

  6. David Wechsler 1955 - Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Verbal and Performance Intelligence Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R)

  7. Nonverbal Problem Solving - Raven’s Test

  8. Nonverbal Problem Solving - Raven’s Test

  9. WAIS Block Design

  10. Group Aptitude Tests – WWI Examples of Group Aptitude Tests – SAT, ACT, MCAT, LSAT, and the GRE

  11. How Tests are Devised • 2 Fundamental Approaches: • 1. Base test on theory – analytical approach • problem – no theory is universally accepted • 2. Base test on the ability to discriminate –empirical • approach • Binet’s approach • Age Keep Throw Out • 5 .20 .20 • 6 .32 .18 • .41 .21 • 8 .46 .22 • 9 .55 .16 Proportion answering correctly

  12. Evaluation of IQ Tests Reliability – Consistency of Measurement 3 types: 1. Test-retest reliability – same test – 2 different times 2. Alternate forms reliability – different forms of the test 3. Inter-rater reliability – different raters

  13. Evaluation of IQ Tests Validity 2 Types: 1.Construct Validity– Does the test measure intelligence? 2.Predictive Validity – Can future performance be predicted?

  14. Approaches to Studying Intelligence Psychometric Approach– the structure of intelligence General Intelligence vs. Multiple Intelligences General Intelligence– one intelligence Multiple Intelligences– separate intelligences

  15. General Intelligence vs. Multiple Intelligences Factor Analysis– technique that IDs factors that correlate w/ each other 3 Types of Models 1. General Intelligence– when 1 factor emerges 2. Separate Intelligences – more than 1 factor emerges 3. Hierarchical - separate factors that emerge are moderately correlated

  16. T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 General Intelligence

  17. T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 Intelligence 1 Intelligence 2 Intelligence 3 verbal mathematical logical

  18. Personality - a person's unique and enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors.

  19. The Trait Approach Allport and Odbert (1936) - 200 traits - unabridged dictionary Catell (1965) - 16 traits - factor analysis Big 5 Personality Traits 1. Extraversion 2. Agreeableness 3. Conscientiousness 4. Neuroticism 5. Openness to experience http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive/

  20. Big 5 Personality Traits 1. Extraversion Those scoring high on this factor are gregarious, outgoing, and daring.

  21. Big 5 Personality Traits 2. Agreeableness Those scoring high on this factor are accommodating and generous.

  22. Big 5 Personality Traits 3. Conscientiousness Those scoring high on this factor are responsible.

  23. Big 5 Personality Traits 4. Neuroticism Those scoring high on this factor are nervous and anxious.

  24. Big 5 Personality Traits 5. Openness to experience Those scoring high on this factor are curious, imaginative, and open minded.

  25. Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence Tyron (1940) - "maze bright" rats and "maze dull" rats

  26. Twin Studies Identical TwinsFraternal Twins Member 1Member 2Member 1Member 2 100 98 120 108 80 85 101 89 120 125 85 100 110 108 132 120 98 101 112 101 103 100 100 93 104 104 100 115 85 80 92 80 101 120 109 102 r =.87r = .56

  27. Environmental Influence on Intelligence Cooper & Zubek (1958) maze-dull vs. maze-bright rats restricted, normal, or stimulating environments

  28. Human Development

  29. Methods Used in Examining Developmental Changes Longitudinal - same individuals are studied over time History Effects Attrition Age 50 Age 60 Age 70

  30. Methods Used in Examining Developmental Changes Longitudinal - same individuals are studied over time History Effects Attrition Attitudes toward Islam Age 50 Age 60 Age 70 Test Date 10-01-1981 10-01-1991 10-01-2001

  31. Methods Used in Examining Developmental Changes Longitudinal - same individuals are studied over time History Effects Attrition Privatize Social Security? Age 20 Age 30 Age 40 Test Date 9-01-1988 10-01-1998 11-01-2008

  32. Methods Used in Examining Developmental Changes Longitudinal - same individuals are studied over time History Effects Attrition Cross Sectional - different groups of people at different ages are compared to each other Cohort Effects

  33. Dishabituation Paradigm Habituation – the tendency for attention to a stimulus to decrease over time Phase 1 – habituate to Stimulus A Phase 2 (Condition A) – Stimulus A (should continue to habituate) Phase 2 (Condition B) – Stimulus B (if child notices difference - dehabituate)

  34. Habituation/Dishabituation

  35. Habituation/Dishabituation

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