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Flagler County Board of Education, Training Division

Flagler County Board of Education, Training Division. Rapid Intervention and Fire Fighter Safety and Survival By Gerard P. Forte Captain Palm Coast Fire Department. CREDITS GO TO. Firehouse.com “Firefighter Survival Tactics” by John Salka Jr.

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Flagler County Board of Education, Training Division

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  1. Flagler County Board of Education, Training Division Rapid Intervention and Fire Fighter Safety and Survival By Gerard P. Forte Captain Palm Coast Fire Department

  2. CREDITS GO TO... • Firehouse.com “Firefighter Survival Tactics” by John Salka Jr. • Staff of Firefighter Rescue Inc. to include John Norman, John Salka, Fred Eendrikat, Paul Hashagen, Bruce Newbery, Ray Maguire, Joel Kanasky, Donald Rowan, Frank Fee, Mark Frappied. Firefighter Rescue and Survival School, 2003. Clearwater Beach, Florida. Property of GPF Training Associates

  3. Credits also go to... • Fire Engineering, “Ten Commandments of a Safe and Effective Search” by Robert Moran; August, 2002. • Fire Engineering.com “Fire Fatalities in 2002” By USFA. • “Firefighter Survivability” at www.ci.vancouver,wa.us/vfd. • Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute at www.mfri.org • Staff and members of the Palm Coast Fire Department. Property of GPF Training Associates

  4. Primary Search • Conducting a safe and effective primary search is one of the most dangerous fire ground operations you will be asked to carry out during your firefighting career. Property of GPF Training Associates

  5. Search with a partner Conduct a size up Carry a tool and light Use proper PPE Ensure people know where you are Have a plan Stay in contact with a wall Control the door Monitor fire conditions Remain orientated Primary Search Property of GPF Training Associates

  6. Primary SearchSearch With a Partner • When you have a partner, you can quickly communicate your every move to the very individual who undoubtedly will play a major role in ensuring your safety. • Allows for a great deal of tactical freedom relative to the methods and techniques used. Property of GPF Training Associates

  7. Primary SearchConduct a Size Up • A thorough and effective analysis of a burning structure prior to making entry is one of the most valuable tools you can use to ensure your safety on the fire ground. • Information such as secondary access and egress points of the structure, the location of trapped victims, window locations, and laddering points will give you the opportunity to develop a mental picture before entry. Property of GPF Training Associates

  8. Primary SearchUse of Proper PPE • Fire ground safety starts with you. • Materials made today burn hotter and produce more dangerous toxic gases than ever before. • If you are issued PPE, wear it. If it was not issued to you, you would not go into a burning building. Property of GPF Training Associates

  9. Primary SearchCarry a Tool and Hand Light • Every firefighter, when conducting a primary, must carry a tool. It will not only aid in searching, but will assist in saving your own life. • Use a hand light that allows for “hands free” work. It is difficult to work and hold a light. Property of GPF Training Associates

  10. Primary SearchControl the Door • Whether you are attempting to maintain control of a door to provide the engine company with a coordinated entry by confining the fire, giving firefighters an area of refuge, or to give yourself time to complete your search, control all doors. • Automatic garage doors strings must be pulled to eliminate accidental door closure. Property of GPF Training Associates

  11. Primary SearchHave a Plan • This strategy should be developed while at the fire academy, practiced throughout your career,and promoted by your peers. • Thinking alike, as a team, will increase the efficiency and safety of the operation. Property of GPF Training Associates

  12. Primary SearchStay in Contact with a Wall • It is highly improbable that firefighters will be familiar with the interior of the building involved in fire. • Residential structures typically follow repeated patterns, ie., Ranch, Split Level, Colonial, etc. • Commercial structures are more complex. Detailed Pre Fire Planning eliminates the unknown and allows for accurate accountability. Property of GPF Training Associates

  13. Primary SearchEnsure People Know Where You Are • Without knowing where the interior search crews are, IC cannot effectively direct placement of ladders, stretching of back up lines, venting the structure, and most importantly, the deployment of RIT teams. Property of GPF Training Associates

  14. Primary SearchMonitor Fire Conditions • Continually reevaluate the smoke, heat and fire conditions in which you or others are operating. Monitoring the rapid change in conditions will allow for quick removal of you and your partners from a hostile environment. Property of GPF Training Associates

  15. Primary SearchRemain Orientated • Personnel must become familiar with their location within the building by identifying as much as possible any object they come in contact with. • Beds will be in bedroom, toilets will be in bathrooms, couches and tables will be in living areas. • This allows for our immediate identification within the structure. Property of GPF Training Associates

  16. Primary Search • Primaries get more dangerous when staffing shortages, inadequate equipment and deficiencies in training are thrown into the mix. • These guidelines will reduce the chances of being affected by these concerns, keep you safe, and assist you in conducting an effective primary search. Property of GPF Training Associates

  17. According to USFA • In 2002, 102 firefighters died while on duty in the United States. • The loss of life was felt directly in more than 86 communities, in 35 states. • 20 Firefighters died in wildland incidents. • 37 were Career Firefighters while 65 were Volunteers or seasonal. Property of GPF Training Associates

  18. According to USFA • 2 Central NY F.F.s died trapped in a basement. • 2 St. Louis F.F.s died trapped in the interior of a burning business. • 3 NJ F.F.s died in a burning residential collapse. • 2 Florida F.F.s died in a training exercise. Property of GPF Training Associates

  19. According to USFA • Half the Firefighters that died on duty died of traumatic injuries. • 11 died of asphyxiation. • 2 died of burns. • 3 were crushed • 36 died as a result of trauma from a vehicle crash. Property of GPF Training Associates

  20. According to USFA • Heart Attacks continue to be the leading cause of firefighter deaths, killing 31 Firefighters in 2002. This represents almost one third of the 2002 total. Property of GPF Training Associates

  21. Case Study • Lt. John Nance, Columbus Ohio. 1987 • Fell in a hole in the floor and dropped to the basement. • Other firefighters can touch him, but not pull him out of the hole. • A ladder was used, he could not get himself out. He kept trying but he has hitting the floor above. • Heavy smoke conditions were present as a result of an oil burner fire. Property of GPF Training Associates

  22. RESULT • Hand Cuff Drill or Love Knot • If the downed Firefighter is alert and oriented, they can make the knot in the hole, apply it, and be pulled up by the rescue crew above them. • If unconscious, a Firefighter can be lowered via the rope to the victim and place the rope around downed firefighter’s hands hands. The rescuer is lifted out after the victim is safely removed. Property of GPF Training Associates

  23. Handcuff Knot • DEMONSTRATE the method used to make the knot. Property of GPF Training Associates

  24. Handcuff Drill • Rope is lowered to an awaiting victims. • It is either lowered to a conscious, or applied by a rescuer. Property of GPF Training Associates

  25. Handcuff Drill • Several rescuers can then pull the victim up. At least 4 people should be used to remove the victim. • The more the merrier. Property of GPF Training Associates

  26. Handcuff Drill • Lifted straight up. Property of GPF Training Associates

  27. Handcuff Drill • A carribeaner can be used to center the victim in the through the hole. • That would eliminate the problem of getting the victim over the edge. Property of GPF Training Associates

  28. Case Study • Mark Langquist - Denver Fire Department 1990. • Commercial Structure with active fire. • 2 story rear, one story front, brick veneer office building with wood interior. • Fire was set in multiple areas on first and second floor. • There was a partial floor collapse behind him and he could not get out the way he entered. Property of GPF Training Associates

  29. Case Study • He was lost and trapped and was low on air. • He was able to signal for help with his flashlight. • He was at the end of a hallway with a window. Windows had bars. • The hallway was 11 feet long and 28 inches wide due to the cabinets and shelving units. Property of GPF Training Associates

  30. Case Study • The Window and the Firefighter - • 20 inches wide • The sill was 42 inches off the floor. • He was 6’1” tall and dressed in full turnouts • Weight was approximately 250 - 300 lb. Property of GPF Training Associates

  31. Case Study • What happened? • Rescue team after rescue team entered the structure by ladder, only to find they could not lift the downed firefighter over the window sill. • The firefighter was never left alone. • After 50 minutes, he was dead and was removed by breaching the wall and removing the cabinets. Property of GPF Training Associates

  32. Case Study • End Result: • They were never able to get him over the window sill! • They returned to the location afterwards to try other methods of removal. Same circumstances, they were never able to remove a firefighter in less than an hour. • They needed to develop new skills and techniques for lifting a firefighter in a confined space. Property of GPF Training Associates

  33. The Denver Drill • Single Rescuer - • Crawls over the victim to his legs. • Readjusts themselves to allow the victims legs to be raised in the direction of the window sill. • The victim is then pushed to the window, feet first. • Rescuers outside then pull the legs while the interior firefighter lifts from the shoulder straps of the air-pack. Property of GPF Training Associates

  34. The Denver Drill • The window is 42” off the floor. • 23” wide • At the the end of 28” hallway. Property of GPF Training Associates

  35. The Denver Drill • Victim is found head first by a window. Property of GPF Training Associates

  36. The Denver Drill • Head at the base of the window, the victim exhausted trying to get out the window. Property of GPF Training Associates

  37. The Denver Drill • The rescuer enters the window low, over the victim. Property of GPF Training Associates

  38. The Denver Drill • After the victim is placed in a supine position. The feet are raised and raised to the window. Property of GPF Training Associates

  39. The Denver Drill • The body is bent, naturally, to begin the roll out the window. Property of GPF Training Associates

  40. The Denver Drill • The rescuer then grabs the neck of the air bottle and the belt strap and begin to pull upward, toward the awaiting firefighters outside. Property of GPF Training Associates

  41. The Denver Drill • The rescuer then advances the victim high, using the bottle to help roll. Property of GPF Training Associates

  42. The Denver Drill • The rescuer uses the bottle to continue the role out the window. Property of GPF Training Associates

  43. The Denver Drill • The victim is given off the outside rescuers. Property of GPF Training Associates

  44. The Denver Drill • 2 Rescuer - • Both Firefighters enter over the victim. One rescuer pulls the victim to a seated position with their arms, the second rescuer sits at the base of the window approximately 6 inches off the wall (behind the victim). • The first rescuer pushes under the legs of the victim, while the second rescuer pushes upward with their legs. Property of GPF Training Associates

  45. The Denver Drill • A rescuer sits behind the victim and uses their legs as a pivot point. Property of GPF Training Associates

  46. The Denver Drill • The other Rescuer then pushes under the victims legs, while the second rescuers lifts the victim in a rocking motion. Property of GPF Training Associates

  47. Where does this lead to? • OSHA Regulation 29 CFR 1910.134 • Physical evaluation and annual face piece fitness testing. • Minimum 2 personnel whenever FF team is in an IDLH environment. • A rescue team must be available to rescue FF team. • FF team may begin SAR for known victims without a rescue team in place. Property of GPF Training Associates

  48. Where does this lead to? • NFPA Standard 1500, Chapter 6 • Minimum of 2 personnel available whenever FF team is operating in an IDLH environment. • Rescue team must be ready to rescue FF crew; should not be performing other duties. • FF Team may begin SAR for known victims without rescue team in place. Property of GPF Training Associates

  49. Concept of the Rescue Team • Minimum of 2 personnel with sufficient training and equipment to perform rescue of other firefighters. • Team should be positioned to be readily available when needed. • Team should not be performing any other functions such a pump operations or position of Incident Command. Property of GPF Training Associates

  50. Rescue Team Equipment Requirements • Portable Radio or Radios • Forcible Entry Tools • Hand Lights • Rope Bag • Spare SCBA for quick swap out • Charged Hose line • Ladders at Upper Levels for Possible Egress • Thermal Imager Property of GPF Training Associates

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