Intro 1

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2. Why It Matters The United States entered World War II unwillingly and largely unprepared. The American people, however, quickly banded together to transform the American economy into the most productive and efficient war-making machine in the world. American forces turned the tide in Europe and the Pacific, and they played a crucial role in the defeat of Germany, Italy, and Japan. Intro 7

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4. 25.1 Converting the Economy • The United States’s industrial output during World War II was twice as productive as Germany and five times that of Japan. • This turned the tide in favor of an Allied victory. (pages 736–737) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-5

5. Converting the Economy (cont.) • Roosevelt and his advisers believed the best way to rapidly mobilize the economy was to give industry an incentive to move quickly. • The government signed cost-plus contracts agreeing to pay a company whatever the manufacturing cost, plus a guaranteed percentage of the costs as profit. (pages 736–737) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-6

6. American Industry Gets the Job Done • After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, almost all major American industries and 200,000 companies converted to war production. • The automobile factories turned to the production of trucks, jeeps, and tanks. (pages 737–739) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-9

7. Chart 1-1

8. American Industry Gets the Job Done (cont.) • They also built artillery, rifles, mines, helmets, pontoon bridges, cooking pots, and other military supplies, producing nearly one-third of the military equipment that was manufactured during the war. • Henry Ford created an assembly line for B-24 bombers. (pages 737–739) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-10

9. American Industry Gets the Job Done (cont.) • Henry Kaiser’s shipyards built many ships but were best known for the Liberty ship, a basic cargo ship used during the war. • These ships were welded instead of riveted, making them cheaper and easier to build and difficult to fall apart and sink. (pages 737–739) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-11

10. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1

11. American Industry Gets the Job Done (cont.) • Roosevelt created the War Production Board (WPB) to set priorities and production goals and to control the distribution of raw materials and supplies. • He set up the Office of War Mobilization (OWM) to settle arguments between the different agencies. (pages 737–739) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-12

12. Building an Army • After the defeat of France by the Germans, Congress was no longer opposed to the idea of a peacetime draft. • The Selective Service and Training Act was a plan for the first peacetime draft in American history. (pages 739–741) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-14

13. Building an Army(cont.) • At first, the numbers of draftees was overwhelming. • The GIs, named after the initials on their uniforms meaning “Government Issue,” went through basic training for eight weeks. • Although some complained after the war that the training was too short to be of any good, most soldiers gained a sense of camaraderie that made them a more effective unit. (pages 739–741) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-15

14. Science American soldiers carried a first aid pouch attached to their waist belt. The pouch contained a package of sulfa powder and a bandage to dress wounds. The use of the sulfa drug Sulfanilamide significantly reduced the mortality rate during World War II, because the sulfa powder immediately went to work to fight bacterial infections. Sulfa drugs are still in use today. Curriculum Connection 4-1

15. Building an Army(cont.) • At the beginning of the war, the United States military was completely segregated. • African Americans were organized into their own military units with white officers in command. • African Americans were disfranchised, meaning they were often denied the right to vote. (pages 739-741) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-16

16. Building an Army(cont.) • An African American newspaper, the Pittsburgh Courier, launched the “Double V” campaign stating that African Americans should join the war because a win would be a double victory over racism abroad and at home. • Roosevelt, knowing that the African American vote had helped him win, ordered the U.S. military to recruit and send African Americans into combat. (pages 739–741) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-17

17. Building an Army(cont.) • The army air force created the 99th Pursuit Squadron, an African American unit. • The African American pilots became known as the Tuskegee Airmen. (pages 739–741) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-18

18. Building an Army(cont.) • In the army, African Americans also performed well, receiving various awards for distinguished service. • Segregation did not end during the war, but led to full military integration in 1948. (pages 739–741) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-19

19. Building an Army(cont.) • Congress established the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) in May 1942. • This was the first time women were allowed in the military. • By 1943 women became a part of regular war operations. • The army, Coast Guard, the navy, and the marines all set up their own women’s organizations. (pages 739–741) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-20

20. The Women’s Airforce Service Pilots tested new and rebuilt fighter planes and flew military aircraft from factories to bases in the United States and Europe. Despite their outstanding service, they did not receive recognition or veterans benefits until 1977. FYI 4-1

21. Building an Army(cont.) • In 1941 the American troops were untrained and had little military experience. • They did, however, get the job done and suffered the fewest casualties in combat of all the major powers in the war. (pages 739–741) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-21

22. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Section 2-4

23. 25.2 Holding the Line Against Japan • After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, the commander of the United States Navy in the Pacific, Admiral Chester Nimitz, could do little at first to stop the advancing Japanese into Southeast Asia. • Japan attacked American airfields in the Philippines and landed its troops in the islands. (pages 742–745) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-5

24. Holding the Line Against Japan (cont.) • The commander of the Americans and Filipinos defending the Philippines, General Douglas MacArthur,decided to take his badly outnumbered troops and retreat to the Bataan Peninsula. • Roosevelt ordered the general to evacuate to Australia. • The Allied defenders of Bataan finally surrendered, and thousands died on the Bataan Death March to a Japanese prison camp. (pages 742–745) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-6

25. Holding the Line Against Japan (cont.) • In early 1942, B-25 bombers replaced the aircraft carriers’ short-range bombers because they could attack from farther away. • Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle was put in command of the mission that bombed Japan on April 18. • Doolittle’s attack on Japan made Japanese leaders change their strategy. (pages 742–745) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-7

26. Holding the Line Against Japan (cont.) • An attack on Midway Island–the last American base in the North Pacific west of Hawaii–was planned to lure the American fleet into battle to be destroyed by the Japanese. • This would cut American supply lines to Australia. • The plan failed because the United States had a team of code breakers based in Hawaii that broke the Japanese Navy’s secret code for conducting operations. (pages 742–745) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-8

27. Holding the Line Against Japan (cont.) • The turning point in the war came during the Battle of Midway when Americans shot down 38 Japanese planes and destroyed four Japanese carriers. • This stopped the Japanese advance into the Pacific. (pages 742–745) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-9

29. Map 2-1

30. Turning Back the German Army • The leader of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin, urged Roosevelt to open a second front in Europe. • Although Roosevelt wanted his troops to enter into battle in Europe, Prime Minister Churchill wanted to be more cautious and attack the periphery, or edges, of Germany. • In July 1942, Roosevelt ordered the invasion of Morocco and Algeria–French territories indirectly under Germany control. (pages 745–747) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-11

31. Turning Back the German Army (cont.) • On November 8, 1942, the American invasion of North Africa began under the command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower. • General George Patton led the American forces in Morocco and captured the city of Casablanca. (pages 745–747) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-12

32. Turning Back the German Army (cont.) • Outmaneuvered and outfought, Americans suffered huge losses. • On May 13, 1943, German forces in North Africa surrendered. (pages 745–747) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-13

33. Turning Back the German Army (cont.) • After Germany declared war on the United States, German submarines began sinking American cargo ships along the American East Coast. • The situation greatly improved when the U.S. Navy set up a convoy system, in which cargo ships traveled in groups and were escorted by navy warships. (pages 745–747) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-14

34. Turning Back the German Army (cont.) • The German submarine campaign continued into the spring of 1942. • From July on, American shipyards produced more ships than German submarines could sink. (pages 745–747) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-15

35. Turning Back the German Army (cont.) • Hitler wanted to defeat the Soviets by destroying their economy. • So he ordered his army to capture oil fields, industries, and farmlands vital to the Soviet economy. • The Germans tried to capture Stalingrad, but the Soviets held their ground. (pages 745–747) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-16

36. Turning Back the German Army (cont.) • The Germans were surrounded and surrendered. • The Battle of Stalingrad was a turning point in the war because it put the Germans on the defensive. (pages 745–747) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-17

38. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Section 3-4

39. 25.3 Women and Minorities Gain Ground • Compared to the devastation in Europe and Asia, World War II had a positive effect on American society. • It put an end to the Depression. • The war led to the creation of almost 19 million new jobs and doubled the income of most American families. (pages 749–751) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-5

40. Women and Minorities Gain Ground (cont.) • The wartime labor shortage forced factories to hire married women in positions that were traditionally considered men’s work. “Rosie the Riveter,” a character from a popular song by the Four Vagabonds, became a symbol for the campaign to hire women. • The campaign resulted in 2.5 million women entering the manufacturing workforce. (pages 749–751) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-6

41. Women and Minorities Gain Ground (cont.) • Factories still resisted the hiring of African Americans. • On June 25, 1941, the president responded with Executive Order 8802, declaring no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government. • In 1942 the federal government started the Bracero Program, which arranged for Mexican farmworkers to come to the United States to help harvest fruits and vegetables on farms in the Southwest. • More than 200,000 Mexicans came to help with the harvest and to build and maintain railroads. (pages 749–751) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-7

42. A Nation on the Move • Roughly 15 million Americans moved west and south during the war to be closer to the new jobs available. • The growth of southern California and the expansion of cities in the Deep South created a new industrial region called the Sunbelt. (pages 751–753) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-11

43. A Nation on the Move (cont.) • African Americans resumed the Great Migration, as they left the South and headed to cities in the North and West for factory jobs. (pages 751–753) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-12

44. A Nation on the Move (cont.) • Across the nation, crimes committed by youths rose dramatically. • The zoot suit, baggy pants and an overstuffed, knee-length jacket with wide lapels, appeared unpatriotic to many that were saving fabric for the war. • The zoot suit was worn by many Mexican American teens. (pages 751–753) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-13

45. A Nation on the Move (cont.) • When zoot suiters were rumored to have attacked several sailors, 2,500 soldiers and sailors stormed into Mexican American neighborhoods in Los Angeles. • This racial violence did not deter Mexican Americans from joining the war effort. (pages 751–753) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-14

46. A Nation on the Move (cont.) • On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed an order allowing the War Department to declare any part of the United States a military zone and remove anybody from the zone. • The West Coast was declared a military zone, and all people of Japanese ancestry were evacuated to 10 internment camps. (pages 751–753) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-15

49. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Moment in History 3-1

50. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 3